News

While there is often discussion about outdoor air pollution and its impacts on health, many people forget the importance of air quality within their own homes. Poor indoor air quality can cause serious health problems such as cancer, asthma, allergies, heart diseases, and pneumonia. People with respiratory or heart conditions, children, and the elderly are especially at risk (Telloian, 2022).Although some symptoms may be unrecognized and not obvious, air pollutants such as dust, plastic fumes, smoke, or bacteria can gradually affect our health over the years. Testing the air quality can help you identify these hidden threats. Taking concrete steps can dramatically improve air quality and reduce the risk of health problems (Ibid).This article provides useful tips on how to improve indoor air quality in your home and reduce the risk of negative health effects.Improve Ventilation in Your HomePoor ventilation can increase the concentration of radon in rooms, a radioactive gas that causes lung cancer and cannot be detected without special tests since it is colorless and odorless (Davis, 2005). Maintaining airflow in your home is an easy way to improve its quality. Open windows and doors when outdoor air is clean. Also, regularly replace filters in heating and cooling systems, check that air ducts are not clogged, and clean filters in appliances according to the manufacturer's instructions (Telloian, 2022). Dirty filters on HVAC devices (heating, ventilation, air conditioning) can hinder air circulation and lead to mold growth, which can cause respiratory issues, especially for people with asthma or allergies (Frysh, P, 2024).Tip: It is recommended to check your heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems twice a year – ideally in spring and autumn, before the heating or cooling seasons begin (Gatta, 2024).Get an Air PurifierAir purifiers, especially those with HEPA filters, effectively improve indoor air quality by removing more than 99% of harmful particles. These devices help reduce pollution such as smoke particles, mold spores, allergens (such as pet hair), VOCs, and even influenza virus particles, although they cannot remove all types of pollutants (Telloian, 2022).Tip: If possible, get an air purifier, preferably with a HEPA filter, as they are recognized as one of the best choices for cleaner air (Telloian, 2022). Place the purifier in areas with the most pollution and where you spend the most time, such as the kitchen, living room, and bedroom. They are most effective in smaller rooms (Gatta, 2024).Control Humidity in the ApartmentToo much humidity in the home can create favorable conditions for biological pollutants like mold, mildew, insects, and bacteria. Water-damaged areas, standing water, cooking, and showering can be sources of moisture in your home's air (Gatta, 2024). Mold grows in humid environments and can release spores that enter the airways, causing allergic reactions, coughing, sneezing, and other breathing problems. Leaks from appliances, windows, or roofs can especially lead to water accumulation, creating a suitable environment for mold growth and attracting cockroaches (Frysh, P, 2024).Tip: If the humidity in your home is higher than 30-50%, using a moisture absorber can significantly help. Also, use a fan in the bathroom to remove moist air and contaminants, especially during showering or bathing. Additionally, check the venting of the dryer, as the dryer must be connected to external ventilation to expel moisture and heat. Regularly cleaning the dryer vent is important to prevent dust and moisture buildup. To avoid creating humid conditions, avoid drying clothes indoors and immediately clean up spilled water. Also, pay attention to leaks and water damage, especially from pipes, roofs, or windows. If you notice any signs, fix them quickly to prevent mold and bacteria growth. Lastly, if you use carpets, make sure to place a moisture-resistant mat underneath. Carpets can absorb moisture and retain pollutants, but if used, carpets are easier to clean regularly (Gatta, 2024).Avoid Smoking in the HouseCigarette smoke contains nearly 5,000 toxins and is one of the most dangerous indoor air pollutants. It increases the risk of lung cancer, heart attack, stroke, and respiratory problems. Smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke increase the risk of asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, coughing, and ear infections, particularly in children (Davis, 2005). Moreover, tertiary smoke (smoke on surfaces like clothing and furniture) increases the risk of health problems, including cancer (Telloian, 2022).Tip: The best way to avoid these risks is to avoid smoking indoors and reduce smoking (Telloian, 2022).Choose Non-Toxic Household ProductsMany chemicals in cleaning products, adhesives, and paints can irritate the airways, especially with poor ventilation. The greatest danger is mixing ammonia and bleach, which can produce chlorine dioxide, extremely harmful to the respiratory system (Davis, 2005). Many air fresheners contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can irritate the nose, throat, and airways, especially in sensitive individuals (Frysh, P, 2024).Tip: Pay attention to product labels and avoid products that contain volatile organic compounds, fragrances, or flammable ingredients. You can make your own cleaning solution using plain soap and water, vinegar, or baking soda (Frysh, P, 2024).Maintain Home HygieneBedding and pillows can collect dust, mold, dust mites, and allergens. Upholstery fabrics can also retain dust, pollen, and other allergens, which can worsen allergy and asthma symptoms. Carpets can accumulate dust, allergens, and dirt, making the room potentially unhealthy for people with respiratory issues (Frysh, P, 2024).Tip: Regularly change and wash bedding, vacuum with a HEPA filter, and consider professional cleaning to help reduce risks. Also, don’t forget places like the tops of cabinets and other often overlooked surfaces during cleaning, which can accumulate dust, grease, food, and moisture, contributing to indoor air pollution (Frysh, P, 2024).Pay Attention to Proper and Timely Disposal of Spoiled FoodIf fruit and vegetables stay in the house too long, they can develop mold, which can also cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems. Food leftovers can attract cockroaches and other insects, which can cause respiratory issues and allergic reactions. Cockroaches can also cause allergic reactions even after they are dead, as their remains and droppings can enter the air, triggering asthma attacks (Frysh, P, 2024).Tip: Regularly check perishable food and dispose of it timely, and don’t leave food leftovers out for long; dispose of them immediately.Don’t Forget to Use an Exhaust Fan/Open a Window While CookingCooking, especially when using a gas stove, emits harmful pollutants such as particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane. Activating the exhaust fan or opening a window can reduce the levels of these harmful substances and improve air quality indoors (Gatta, 2024).Tip: Use the exhaust fan and/or open a window in the kitchen while cooking, especially if using a gas stove.Consider Getting a PlantHouseplants are often recommended for improving air quality, but research shows that their actual impact is not significant. Ventilation in buildings removes pollutants more effectively. Also, certain plants like dracaena, lilies, and ivy can help clean the air, but plants can cause problems if they become a source of mold or allergens (Davis, 2005). Too many plants can increase humidity and lead to mold, and keep in mind that many plants can be toxic to pets like dogs or cats. While houseplants can improve air quality and increase oxygen levels, they are not a substitute for air purifiers (Riley, 2024).Tip: If you have a pet, check if the plant is toxic to them before getting it, and consult experts. To prevent mold growth, regularly remove excess water and use pots that prevent moisture buildup (Riley, 2024).ConclusionImproving indoor air quality is not complicated and can significantly contribute to your health. There are many simple steps you can take, such as improving ventilation, using air purifiers, controlling humidity, and avoiding pollutants such as smoke and toxic chemicals. These measures can help make your home a healthier environment, reducing the risk of respiratory problems, allergies, and other serious illnesses.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If any symptoms occur, it is recommended to seek help from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Reference:Davis, J. L. (2005, September 8). Indoor air pollution: Are you at risk? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/lung/features/indoor-air-pollution-are-you-at-riskKeshmiri, N. (2020, March 26). Green potted plant on window [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/green-potted-plant-on-window-aG2SmsCPF3QTelloian, C. (2022, March 9). 8 ways to improve your air quality at home. Healthline. Medically reviewed by Marc Meth, MD, FACAAI, FAAAI. https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-improve-air-quality-at-home#pollutantsFrysh, P. (2024, May 23). Breathe better at home. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Shruthi N, MD. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-health-benefits-houseplantsGatta, F. (2024, October 7). Clean air tips for your home. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD. https://www.webmd.com/balance/features/ways-to-improve-indoor-air-quality Riley, E. (2024, January 3). Can plants purify the air in your home? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/air-purifying-plants#safety-concerns

World Health Day is observed every year on April 7th and aims to draw attention to global health challenges. This date is not only a reminder of the founding of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 but also emphasizes the importance of health for people worldwide (WHO, n.d.). This year’s World Health Day campaign, "Healthy Beginnings, Hopeful Futures," calls on governments and health communities to intensify efforts to reduce preventable deaths and improve the long-term health of women and babies (WHO, 2025).Every year, globally, nearly 300,000 women lose their lives due to pregnancy or childbirth, while over 2 million babies die in their first month of life, and around 2 million are stillborn. This means that every second, one preventable death occurs. Based on current data, four out of five countries will not meet the targets for improving maternal survival by 2030, and one-third of countries will fail to meet targets for reducing newborn mortality (WHO, 2025).According to UNICEF data for 2020, maternal mortality in Serbia is 20% to 50% higher than in European countries (UNICEF Serbia, 2024). In Serbia, 65,000 babies are born each year, of which 4,000 are born prematurely, and seven babies every day require emergency medical care. Premature birth causes 60% of neonatal deaths and 42% of all deaths in children under the age of five. With a perinatal mortality rate of 8.2 per 1,000 live births, Serbia has a higher rate compared to the EU average of 4.9 per 1,000 (UNICEF Serbia, n.d.).To address the challenges for the health of women and babies, it is essential to provide high-quality healthcare that includes both physical and emotional support before, during, and after childbirth. It is also necessary to invest in healthcare systems that address obstetric complications, mental health, and family planning. The campaign calls for raising awareness, investing in effective programs, supporting parents and healthcare workers, and sharing useful information about pregnancy and postnatal care. WHO urges the global community to get involved, share information using the hashtags #HopefulFutures and #HealthForAll, attend global events, and donate to support this important cause (WHO, 2025). This campaign serves as a reminder that investing in health is the most important step toward building a society where everyone, regardless of geographic or social differences, has the opportunity for a healthy start and hope for a better future.References:Borba, J. (2019, June 16). Smiling woman carrying baby [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/smiling-woman-carrying-baby-RWgE9_lKj_YUNICEF Srbija. (n.d.). Zdrav početak života. UNICEF. Retrieved March 31, 2025, from https://www.unicef.org/serbia/zdrav-pocetak-zivotaWorld Health Organization [WHO]. (2025). World Health Day 2025: Healthy beginnings, hopeful futures. World Health Organization. Retrieved March 31, 2025, from https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2025World Health Organization [WHO]. (n.d.). World Health Day. World Health Organization. Retrieved March 31, 2025, from https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-dayUNICEF Srbija. (2024, December 26). Unapređenje kvaliteta zdravstvene zaštite trudnica i porodilja u Srbiji. UNICEF Srbija. Retrieved March 31, 2025, from https://www.unicef.org/serbia/medija-centar/vesti/unapredjenje-kvaliteta-zdravstvene-zastite-trudnica-i-porodilja-u-srbiji

Recently, there has been a growing promotion of parasite cleanses on social media, promising natural removal of harmful organisms from the body. While many people rely on these alternative methods, it’s important to understand that not all treatments involving herbs, spices, and supplements are effective or safe. Parasitic infections can cause serious health issues, but it’s crucial to approach treatment with caution. In this article, we’ll discuss what parasite cleanses really are, the potential risks of such programs, how diagnosis and treatment are performed, and the most effective preventive measures.What is a Parasite Cleanse?Parasites are organisms that transmit infections to other living species and survive at the expense of their host. They can enter the body of the host through contaminated food and water, contact with infected people or animals, and insect bites. Poor hygiene and unsanitary conditions also increase the risk of infection. Parasites can cause various diseases depending on the type and location of the infection. For example, malaria is caused by protozoa, while intestinal infections are often caused by tapeworms and roundworms. Parasites can lead to anemia, malnutrition, chronic diarrhea, and, in severe cases, serious internal organ damage (Popović, 2024).Parasitic infections occur when parasites grow, reproduce, or attack the host's organ systems, causing illness (Gotter, 2024). A parasite cleanse, or detoxification, refers to diets, supplements, and detox products aimed at removing parasites from the body (Johnson, 2024), without the use of prescription medications. The specifics of such cleanses vary, but they usually involve a threefold approach (Johnson, 2024; Cleveland Clinic, 2025; Gotter, 2024):Dietary changes: Health professionals have not established a specific diet for parasite cleansing, but it’s important to prevent constipation, as parasites are expelled from the body through stool. To avoid constipation and possibly aid in parasite treatment, a fiber-rich diet with whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and low fat is recommended, along with limiting processed foods, alcohol, and sugar. Garlic, ginger, and foods rich in vitamin A are also beneficial, as well as supplements such as probiotics, vitamin A, zinc, and selenium. Additionally, it’s important to avoid raw or undercooked meat and seafood.Use of dietary supplements: Supplements intended to naturally eliminate parasites from the body often contain natural ingredients that manufacturers claim have anti-parasitic properties, such as wormwood, oregano oil, black walnut, cloves, grapefruit seed extract, propolis, olive leaf, and others.Use of spices and herbs with anti-inflammatory properties, such as apple cider vinegar, garlic, ginger, and turmeric.Given the limited evidence supporting the effectiveness of parasite detoxification, it’s essential to consult with a professional before deciding on any form of cleanse to ensure that you truly have a parasitic infection (Johnson, 2024).Risks of Self-Conducted Parasite CleansingAttempting to treat parasites on your own with supplements and spices can potentially do more harm than good and is unlikely to eliminate a parasite if you actually have one. You cannot diagnose an infection on your own – only a doctor can. If you don’t have a parasite, the true cause of your symptoms should be identified. Parasitic infections often resolve on their own, but most people who truly have a parasitic infection require prescription treatment. A holistic approach with herbs and spices has not been proven effective (Cleveland Clinic, 2025).Self-conducted parasite cleanses may lead to several risks (Cleveland Clinic, 2025; Gotter, 2024):Vitamin deficienciesDigestive issues, including diarrheaDehydrationMalnutritionKidney problemsElectrolyte imbalancesLow energy levelsFurthermore, supplements are not regulated, so it’s unclear what exactly you are taking (Cleveland Clinic, 2025). Some cleansing products may contain dangerous ingredients or be marketed with false claims. Therefore, consider consulting a doctor before attempting a parasite cleanse or taking any supplements, especially if you suffer from chronic illnesses, are on certain medications, or are pregnant or breastfeeding (Gotter, 2024).Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections and TreatmentSometimes, parasites may resolve on their own, particularly in individuals with a healthy immune system. However, if severe symptoms or complications are present, doctors will most likely recommend antiparasitic medications that kill the parasites (Johnson, 2024), possibly in combination with natural remedies. Doctors may first perform several tests to check for parasites, such as stool tests, endoscopy, blood tests, and imaging tests (such as X-rays). There is insufficient evidence that natural ingredients alone can treat parasitic worms, but ingredients like thyme, rosemary, garlic, ginger, and probiotics may potentially help (Gotter, 2024).If you suspect you have a parasitic infection, it’s best not to attempt self-treatment but instead consult with a qualified healthcare professional who can make the diagnosis and, accordingly, recommend proper therapy. Although some companies may show promising results in laboratory tests, there is little evidence supporting the efficacy of commercial parasite cleanse products.Prevention of Parasitic InfectionsAvoid or limit the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, fish, or poultry. Also, ensure to prevent cross-contamination during food preparation by keeping meat separate from other foods and disinfecting all cutting boards, utensils, and countertops that have come into contact with raw meat. Do not eat watercress and other freshwater plants raw. Avoid walking barefoot in areas where the soil may contain feces and immediately clean up animal waste. Also, always wash your hands with soap and water before eating, preparing food, after handling raw meat, using the toilet, changing diapers, caring for sick individuals, or touching animals and their waste (Gotter, 2024).When traveling, especially to regions with poor sanitation, the likelihood of infection is higher. In that case, exercise extra caution. Pay attention to how food is prepared, drink only bottled water, and carry hand sanitizers. Soap and water are best, but if not available, hand sanitizers can help with prevention (Ibid).ConclusionWhile parasite cleanses may seem like a quick and natural way to rid the body of harmful organisms, it’s important to know that there is insufficient reliable evidence supporting the effectiveness of these treatments. Before deciding on any form of cleanse, consulting with a professional is crucial. Health comes first, and proper treatment of a parasitic infection requires expert diagnosis and appropriate medical intervention. Self-treatment can lead to serious health risks, so it’s always best to consult with a doctor to ensure safe and correct resolution of this issue.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2024, January 30). A close-up of a blue and purple substance [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-blue-and-purple-substance-y-BfSMLL5iMJohnson, J. (2024, April 11). Everything you need to know about parasite cleanses. Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326696Popović, T. (2024, June 5). Antiparazitni programi – Šta su i kakvi programi postoje? Totally Wellness. https://totallywellness.rs/blog/sta-su-i-kakvi-antiparazitni-programi-postoje/Gotter, A. (2024, November 28). What you should know about doing a parasite cleanse. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/human-parasite-cleanseCleveland Clinic. (2025, March 7). No, you don’t need a ‘parasite cleanse’ (which won’t actually treat a parasite). Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/parasite-cleanse

Sauna, an ancient tradition that is becoming increasingly popular in the modern world, has been recognized as a tool for improving physical and mental health. Besides being an important part of social life in many cultures, such as Finland, saunas offer a wide range of potential health benefits, from relaxation and stress reduction to improving sleep quality. While the benefits of saunas are well-documented, the existence of certain myths and the lack of scientific evidence on some of their effects highlight the need for further research and clearer guidelines for their use.Benefits of Using SaunasMost sauna users report improvements in sleep that last up to two days after use, and regular sauna use (5–15 times a month) has a positive impact on mental health. Few people use saunas for cardiovascular benefits, even though these have been confirmed in previous studies. Instead, most sauna-goers use them for relaxation and stress reduction (Hussain, et al., 2019). Saunas have traditionally been used for relaxation and muscle tension relief. The increase in heart rate and dilation of blood vessels improves blood flow to the skin, which can induce a sense of relaxation. The sympathetic nervous system is activated to maintain body temperature balance, and the endocrine glands participate in this response, potentially leading to positive feelings. In some countries, such as Finland, sauna is also a social activity (Cafasso, 2024).The first study examining the health habits of the global sauna community revealed that saunas offer a broad range of benefits, from relaxation and stress reduction to more specific effects such as improved circulation, mental health, sleep quality, detoxification, and relief from back pain. Negative reactions were rare and mostly mild, such as dizziness and dehydration (Hussain, et al., 2019). However, there are certain myths about sauna use that need to be debunked:1.     Myth: Sweating removes toxinsAs your body temperature increases due to the high heat in the sauna, there is an increase in skin temperature, a faster pulse, and the dilation of blood vessels. This happens because your heart starts pumping more blood, while sweating becomes the body's natural response to heat (Cafasso, 2024). Although sweating occurs during sauna use, there is no scientific research proving that sweating detoxifies the body. Toxins such as alcohol, mercury, and aluminum are mainly eliminated through the kidneys, liver, and intestines (De Pietro, 2023).2.     Myth: Sauna use aids weight lossAnother myth about sauna use is that it contributes to weight loss. Possible weight loss (around half a kilogram) is due to fluid loss, not fat. The weight will quickly return once the person rehydrates (De Pietro, 2023).Recommendations and Warnings for Sauna UseWhen using a sauna, it is important to consult with a doctor, especially if you have chronic health conditions. Here are a few key things to keep in mind (Cafasso, 2024):1.     DehydrationMake sure to drink plenty of water before and after using the sauna. Prolonged time in the sauna increases the risk of dehydration. If you feel dizzy, have a headache, or become very thirsty, immediately leave the sauna. Severe dehydration can cause a range of serious problems, including low blood pressure, heat stroke, kidney failure, shock, seizures, fainting, and even coma. Be sure to rehydrate after using the sauna.2.     ToxinsWhile the liver and kidneys are responsible for removing toxins from the body, some researchers believe that sweating in the sauna may contribute to the elimination of toxins. However, while sweating is considered a detoxification method in some cultures, studies show that the sauna is not an effective method for detox. Proper hydration is key for the proper functioning of the liver and kidneys.3.     FertilityResearch suggests that frequent sauna use may affect male fertility. However, further research is needed to better understand the effects of sauna use on fertility.4.     Sauna is not for everyonePeople with certain health conditions should avoid using saunas. Before entering a sauna, consult with a doctor if you have asthma or other respiratory problems, heart disease, epilepsy, very high or low blood pressure, or if you take certain medications, such as stimulants, tranquilizers, or other substances that alter consciousness. Pregnant women should also avoid the sauna, as well as people under the influence of alcohol.Here are a few general recommendations for sauna use (Harvard Health Publishing, 2020):Avoid consuming alcohol and medications that may impair sweating and cause overheating before and after your sauna session.Stay in the sauna for no more than 15–20 minutes.Gradually cool down afterward.Drink two to four glasses of cold water after each sauna session.Do not use the sauna if you are feeling unwell, and if you experience any discomfort during the session, leave immediately.ConclusionSaunas offer many health benefits, especially in terms of relaxation, stress reduction, improved sleep quality, and mental health. While there are certain myths about detoxification and weight loss, scientific research does not support these claims. Sauna use can be beneficial, but it is important to follow safety precautions such as staying hydrated, avoiding prolonged sessions, and consulting with a doctor if you have specific health conditions. A sauna can be a safe and beneficial tool for improving health, but only when used responsibly.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek help from your doctor or a qualified health professional.ReferencesHussain, J. N., Greaves, R. F., & Cohen, M. M. (2019). A hot topic for health: Results of the Global Sauna Survey. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 44, 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.012Harvard Health Publishing. (2020, May 14). Sauna health benefits: Are saunas healthy or harmful? Harvard Health Blog. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/saunas-and-your-healthCrystalweed Cannabis. (2020, November 17). Woman in white tank top sitting on brown wooden bench [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-in-white-tank-top-sitting-on-brown-wooden-bench-730OPl8S9W4De Pietro, M. (2023, June 27). What are the benefits and risks of a sauna? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313109Cafasso, J. (2024, October 8). Are saunas good for you? Understanding the benefits. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise/are-saunas-good-for-you

Plastic is present in almost every aspect of our lives, but its slow degradation in nature and improper disposal have a serious impact on ecosystems and, primarily, on human health. When plastic is not recycled, it breaks down into microplastics (particles ranging from 0.1 μm to 5 mm) or nanoplastics (less than 0.1 μm), which can enter the food chain. These particles carry toxic substances that can cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and even serious health issues such as carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Microplastics and nanoplastics have already been found in water, fish, honey, and beer, indicating that they pose a significant risk to human health. The long-term impact of plastic on the human body is still being studied, but it is gradually becoming clear that it will be one of the biggest challenges of the future (Petrović, 2024).Microplastics in FoodHumans can be exposed to microplastics and nanoplastics through air, food, and even skin contact from personal care products. Microplastics and nanoplastics primarily enter food through environmental contamination during food production. While many studies have found microplastics in food items such as salt, seafood, sugar, beer, honey, milk, and tea, there is still insufficient evidence to suggest that migration from plastic packaging into food presents a health risk. Microplastics and nanoplastics have been found in human samples, including urine, stool, blood, and organs, but their impact on health is not yet fully researched, and further studies are required (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2024). Although most research on the health effects of microplastics has been conducted on animals or in laboratory settings, some studies suggest that microplastics can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity. However, more human studies are needed to determine the specific health effects.How to Limit Microplastic Intake Through Diet?To reduce exposure to microplastics, the following recommendations are advised:Boiling and Filtering Tap Water: Boiling water is a simple and effective solution for purifying tap water at home. A study by Chinese researchers (Yu et al., 2024) found that boiling hard, mineral-rich water for five minutes can reduce the amount of nanoplastics and microplastics you're exposed to by up to 90%. Evidence is emerging that, on average, bottled water contains more microplastics than tap water (Okamoto, 2024), so it's recommended to filter tap water or carry a metal or glass bottle rather than consuming water from plastic bottles.Choosing Eco-Friendly Food Packaging: Limiting the use of plastic packaging (Robertson, 2018) and opting for packaging that is biodegradable, less toxic, and recyclable can significantly reduce the harmful effects of plastic on your health and the environment. To minimize the use of single-use plastics, choose reusable packaging and products made from metal, glass, or plant-based materials. Glass containers, food-grade stainless steel packaging, bamboo, rice husk, and cellulose-based films are some of the most eco-friendly food packaging options available on the market (Charles Alexis, 2021).Choose BPA-Free Products: Avoid plastics marked with recycling codes 3 or 7, unless the number is accompanied by a label indicating that the plastic is BPA-free. These types of plastics often contain BPA and other potentially harmful chemicals. The coating on cash register receipts also contains BPA, so try to avoid handling such receipts. Additionally, do not reuse single-use plastics, such as plastic bottles marked with recycling code 1 (Stanborough, 2020).Avoid Heating Food in Plastic Containers: Heat can increase the chances of toxic chemicals from plastic transferring into your food. Therefore, it is recommended to use glass, ceramic, or metal containers for heating food (Stanborough, 2020). Moreover, since dishwasher temperatures are high and can damage plastic (even plastic labeled as dishwasher-safe), leading to microplastic shedding, it is recommended to wash plastic containers by hand (Okamoto, 2024).Use Wooden Cutting Boards: Plastic cutting boards can be a source of microplastics in your diet, as repeated cutting on their surface can release particles that adhere to food. Furthermore, wooden boards are better for knife blades and last longer than plastic when properly maintained (Okamoto, 2024).These measures can help reduce microplastic intake and potential health risks.ConclusionGiven the increasing presence of microplastics in daily life, it is important to recognize their potential risks to human health. While further research is needed to fully understand the long-term consequences, there are specific actions we can take to reduce our intake of microplastics through diet, such as boiling/filtering water, choosing eco-friendly packaging, avoiding plastic for heating food, and using wooden cutting boards instead of plastic ones. These simple changes in our daily habits can significantly reduce exposure to microplastics, thereby lowering the risk to our health.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek assistance from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferencesRobertson, R. (2018, May 9). Are microplastics in food a threat to your health? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/microplastics#how-to-avoid-themCharles Alexis, A. (2021, May 14). 5 types of eco-friendly food packaging (and 3 to avoid). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/eco-friendly-food-packaging Mu, M. (2019, February 24). Three white plastic bottles under white cottons [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/three-white-plastic-bottles-under-white-cottons-xtRL02ZuZxEOkamoto, K. (2024, December 13). Microplastics are everywhere. Here’s how to avoid eating them. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/how-to-avoid-eating-microplastics/Petrović, J. (2024). Mikroplastika i nanoplastika novi hazardi u bezbednosti hrane. Dvadeset prvi simpozijum: Zdravstvena zaštita, selekcija i reprodukcija svinja, Srebrno jezero-Veliko Gradište, 13–14. jun 2024. https://repo.niv.ns.ac.rs/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/841/mikrjp24.pdf?sequence=1Stanborough, R. J. (2020, September 23). Is polypropylene a safe plastic to use in your home? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/is-polypropylene-safeU.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2024, July 24). Microplastics and nanoplastics in foods. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/microplastics-and-nanoplastics-foods#:~:text=While%20many%20studies%20have%20reported,a%20risk%20to%20human%20health.Yu, Z., Wang, J.-J., Liu, L.-Y., Li, Z., & Zeng, E. Y. (2024). Drinking boiled tap water reduces human intake of nanoplastics and microplastics. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 11(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00081

Keratin treatment promises smooth, healthier hair that can last up to six months, but is it really that simple? Before deciding to undergo this popular treatment, it’s important to understand both the benefits and potential risks. This guide will help you make an informed decision!What is a Keratin Treatment?Keratin is a protein naturally produced by your body, which is essential for the formation of hair, nails, and the outer layer of your skin (epidermis). It helps maintain skin health, speeds up wound healing, and contributes to the strength of your nails and hair. The fur of animals, feathers, hooves, and horns also consist of keratin. The keratin used in hair treatments is usually derived from ground animal parts (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).Keratin treatment, also known as a Brazilian blowout, is a chemical process typically performed in a salon. It helps smooth the hair cuticle, giving the hair a natural shine and healthier appearance. It can also speed up the hair drying process, making styling easier. However, these treatments can be quite expensive and contain ingredients that may be potentially harmful, carrying certain health risks (Gallagher, 2024).The procedure for a keratin treatment includes (Cleveland Clinic, 2022):Washing the hair with a special shampoo and drying it with a towel;Applying a liquid keratin solution to the hair in small sections.Blow-drying the hair.Pressing the hair at high temperature to seal the keratin solution into the hair.After the treatment, it is recommended not to wet the hair for several days, tie it back with elastics, or pull it back with clips, hats, or sunglasses. You may need to use special shampoos and other hair products to maintain the treatment's effects, such as sulfate-free hair products. When performed by a professional, your hair will be smooth and voluminous for up to six months (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).Benefits of Keratin Hair TreatmentThe benefits of keratin treatments can vary depending on your hair type and condition, as well as the care and products you use. Some of the benefits you can expect include the following (Iftikhar, 2023; Gallagher, 2024):Silky Hair. Exposure to the sun, the use of dyes, and other chemical treatments can damage the natural keratin in your hair, creating porous areas more prone to breakage and other damage. Keratin treatments help “fill in” these damaged areas, leaving the hair smoother, silkier, and shinier. Keratin treatments can also reduce the appearance of split ends by temporarily "bonding" them together.Smoother Hair. Depending on the products used, a keratin treatment can straighten curly or wavy hair, making it smoother and easier to style. A keratin treatment doesn’t necessarily result in completely straight hair. Some treatments only reduce the “frizz” effect, giving curls or waves a softer, smoother look.Stronger and Thicker-Looking Hair. By replenishing lost keratin in the hair shaft, keratin treatments can make hair stronger and more resistant to breakage. For many, this can lead to longer hair, as the strands are less likely to break. In addition to strengthening hair, replenishing keratin can give it a fuller, thicker appearance, making it look healthier.Easier-to-Style Hair. Keratin treatments make hair easier to style, especially if your hair is prone to frizz and unruly.Long-Lasting Effects. With proper care and avoiding excessive washing (2-3 washes per week are enough), the effects of the treatment can last up to six months.Faster Drying Time. If you frequently use styling tools, you will notice that your hair dries more quickly after a keratin treatment. Many people report that keratin cuts drying time by more than half. Your hair can also become healthier and stronger because you can air-dry it more often, preventing heat damage.Faster Hair Growth. Keratin treatments can make your hair stronger and less prone to breakage, which can give the impression that your hair is growing faster, as the ends don’t break.Potential Health Risks and Downsides of Keratin TreatmentsCancer Risk and Various Side Effects. Although keratin is a natural protein, keratin treatment products often contain additional chemicals, including formaldehyde — a chemical used as a disinfectant, fungicide, and pesticide. Formaldehyde is also used in funeral homes and medical labs to slow the decomposition of bodies. Long-term exposure to formaldehyde can cause cancer (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). In addition, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) highlights that formaldehyde and related chemicals in keratin treatments may cause side effects such as eye irritation, headaches, dizziness, sore throat, coughing, wheezing, nausea, chest pain, vomiting, and rashes. These reactions have been reported by both consumers who have had keratin treatments and stylists who performed them. These effects typically occur during or immediately after the treatment, but it is still unclear whether keratin treatments containing formaldehyde have long-term health effects (Iftikhar, 2023).Maintaining Hair After Keratin Treatment Can Be Challenging. Keratin treatments can be hard to maintain because they require less frequent hair washing and avoiding swimming in chlorinated or saltwater, which can shorten the treatment’s effectiveness. You also need to use special shampoos and conditioners that do not contain sodium chloride and sulfates. After the treatment, you should avoid getting your hair wet for 3-4 days. Those who don’t like skipping hair washes may find this inconvenient (Gallagher, 2024).Keratin Treatments Are Expensive. The cost of a keratin treatment is high, and it needs to be regularly refreshed to maintain its effects.Keratin Treatment Is Not Recommended for Pregnant Individuals. It is not recommended for pregnant people (Gallagher, 2024). Furthermore, since the keratin used in hair treatments is usually derived from ground animal parts, if you are vegetarian, you might want to avoid these products (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).ConclusionKeratin treatments can be an excellent option for those who desire shiny, easier-to-style hair. However, it’s important to be aware of potential health risks, as well as the need for proper maintenance. Before deciding, consider all factors to ensure that this treatment is right for you.*This text is for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek assistance from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:Cash, L. (2021, October 17). A woman getting her hair cut by a hair stylist. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-getting-her-hair-cut-by-a-hair-stylist-Md_DhaFsnCQCleveland Clinic. (2022, June 9). Keratin. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23204-keratinIftikhar, N. (2023, May 15). What are the side effects of a keratin treatment? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/what-are-the-side-effects-of-a-keratin-treatment#benefitsGallagher, G. (2024, July 26). Pros and cons of keratin treatments. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/keratin-treatment-pros-and-cons#pros

Planning for pregnancy is an exciting and emotional journey, but it can also be challenging at times. While there is no magical formula that guarantees immediate conception, there are several ways you can enhance your chances of becoming pregnant. From understanding your fertility cycle to making lifestyle changes, every step you take can be crucial. In this article, we will explore tips and strategies that can help you maximize your chances of pregnancy, making this dream a reality.When is the Best Time for Intercourse?To increase your chances of pregnancy, it is recommended to have intercourse every day or every other day, as couples who practice this method have the highest chances of conceiving. If this isn't possible, having sex every 2 to 3 days during the week, starting after your period ends, can help you align with your ovulation cycle and increase fertility (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024).The most favorable time for conception is during ovulation, which includes the five days before ovulation and the day of ovulation itself. The highest chances of pregnancy are two days before ovulation and the day of ovulation, so it's recommended to have intercourse at that time. During ovulation, the ovary releases a mature egg that travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus, where fertilization by sperm should occur. Sperm can survive for up to five days, so it is important to have sperm present in the fallopian tubes when ovulation occurs (Watson, 2018).How to Recognize Ovulation? Track your cycle and calculate the middle point—if you have a 28-day cycle, ovulation likely occurs around day 14. You may also notice changes in your cervical mucus, which becomes clear and egg-white-like, or a slight rise in your basal body temperature (BBT) after ovulation. Ovulation tests available at pharmacies can also help track ovulation (Ibid). Mobile apps that track your cycle can also be helpful.What Else Can Improve Your Chances of Pregnancy?Regular exercise can reduce the likelihood of unpleasant pregnancy symptoms (such as back pain, hemorrhoids, swollen ankles) and excessive weight gain. In addition, a healthy and fit body is better prepared for childbirth. However, it’s important to maintain balance, as too much exercise can cause fertility problems, such as irregular cycles or cycles without ovulation (Fertility Network UK, n.d.).Adequate fluid intake (about 8-10 cups daily) helps the kidneys flush out waste products and improves the quality of cervical mucus, which is important for fertility (Ibid).Maintaining a healthy weight is essential, as both being overweight or underweight can reduce fertility (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024).Although no specific position has been proven to increase the likelihood of conception, certain positions may be better than others in ensuring sperm reach the egg. The missionary position with the man on top and the “doggy style” position (man behind) allow for deeper penetration, bringing sperm closer to the cervix. Sperm need about 15 minutes to reach the cervix once inside the vagina, and while it’s not necessary to raise your legs in the air or lie down after intercourse, doing so cannot hurt. Placing a pillow under your lower back may help keep sperm swimming in the right direction (Ibid). Additionally, orgasm is crucial for the man, as ejaculation enables conception. Although female orgasm is not necessary for conception, the movements during orgasm may help sperm reach their goal (Watson, 2018).When Should You See a Doctor?If you are planning for pregnancy, it’s advisable to consult a doctor. They can assess your health and help you make changes that improve your chances of a healthy pregnancy. The doctor may also recommend taking prenatal vitamins with folic acid several months before conception, which can reduce the risk of spina bifida, a condition affecting the spine and spinal cord. Most healthy couples conceive within one year. If you are under 35 and healthy, try to conceive within the first year before seeking medical advice. If you are over 35, or if you suspect fertility issues, seek help after six months of trying (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024).Infertility affects both men and women, but treatment is available. Depending on the cause, help may come from a gynecologist, endocrinologist, urologist, family doctor, or, in some cases, a fertility specialist (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024).If you have issues that may affect fertility, such as irregular or missed periods, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, a history of miscarriage, surgical procedures for hernia, or testicular problems (in your male partner), consultations with a qualified specialist are recommended (Watson, 2018). Additionally, if you have a chronic condition like diabetes or a risk of hereditary conditions (such as sickle cell anemia) in your child, or if you take certain medications (as some may affect fertility), it’s also advised to consult a doctor for pregnancy advice (National Health Service, 2023).What Should Be Avoided?Smoking harms the fertility of both women and men, as well as your general health and the health of the fetus. Smoking causes changes in the fallopian tubes and cervix, which can lead to miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy. It also damages the ovaries, reducing the number of eggs, thereby decreasing the chances of conception. Smoking reduces the number and motility of sperm and may also decrease the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF);Excessive alcohol consumption can lower fertility. Alcohol is unsafe both before and during pregnancy, and drinking excessively reduces your chances of pregnancy, especially if you’re using fertility treatments like IVF. Alcohol can also lower testosterone levels in men, leading to erectile dysfunction, making conception more difficult;Excessive caffeine consumption (more than five cups of coffee a day) can also reduce your chances of pregnancy;Very intense workouts, especially for those with low body weight, should be avoided. Excessive and strenuous exercise, lasting more than five hours per week, has been linked to less frequent ovulation in people with low body weight;Stress can negatively affect your cycle regularity and your chances of conception, so try not to worry and enjoy the process of trying to conceive. If stress or anxiety about conceiving is affecting your daily life, talking to a mental health professional can help relieve it;Men should avoid carrying mobile devices in their pants pockets, as radiation may affect their fertility and sperm count. They should also avoid hot tubs, saunas, and tight underwear;Delaying starting a family for too long can significantly decrease fertility, especially in your late 30s, as fertility in women declines drastically compared to their early 20s, and both the quantity and quality of eggs and sperm decrease with age. The age of the woman contributing the egg has the greatest impact on fertility, but sperm quality also declines after age 50 (Watson, 2018; WebMD Editorial Contributors, 2024; Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024; Fertility Network UK, n.d.).ConclusionPlanning for pregnancy is a journey full of emotions, patience, and hope. Although there is no perfect recipe for success, every step you take to improve your health and understand your body can significantly increase your chances of conceiving. Taking care of your physical health, tracking fertile days, avoiding harmful habits, and consulting with professionals can all be key to reaching your goal. Try to stay positive and enjoy the process, as the most beautiful moments often come when you least expect them. Remember that every journey to parenthood is unique, and you’ve already taken the first step—committing to your health and future family. Good luck!*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek assistance from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:Fertility Network UK. (n.d.). Conception tips. Fertility Network UK. Retrieved March 26, 2025, from https://fertilitynetworkuk.org/learn-about-fertility/factors-affecting-fertility/lifestyle-fertility/conception-tips/Sikkema, K. (2018, June 5). Man kissing woman’s forehead while holding ultrasound photo [Photograph]. Unsplash. Retrieved March 26, 2025, from https://unsplash.com/photos/man-kissing-womans-forehead-white-holding-ultrasound-photo-IE8KfewAp-wWatson, S. (2018, August 10). Babymaking 101: Ways to get pregnant faster. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/sex-for-pregnancyNational Health Service. (2023, November 14). Trying to get pregnant. NHS. Retrieved March 26, 2025, from https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/trying-for-a-baby/trying-to-get-pregnant/WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2024, March 9). Things not to do if you want to get pregnant. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, MD. Retrieved March 26, 2025, from https://www.webmd.com/baby/fertility-no-nosMayo Clinic Staff. (2024, October 30). How to get pregnant. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 26, 2025, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/how-to-get-pregnant/art-20047611

Hashimoto's disease is the most common form of autoimmune disorder affecting the function of the thyroid gland, an organ that plays a key role in regulating metabolism. Although many people are unaware that they suffer from this disease, symptoms such as fatigue, unexplained weight gain, or feeling cold may indicate its onset. Hashimoto's disease gradually reduces the ability of the thyroid gland to produce hormones necessary for the proper functioning of the body, which can lead to serious consequences if not recognized and treated in time. In this text, we will explore the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Hashimoto's disease, so that you can better understand this condition and how to manage it.What is Hashimoto's disease?Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, or autoimmune thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease that can cause reduced thyroid function (hypothyroidism) and, in rare cases, increased function (hyperthyroidism) (NIDDK, n.d.). It is named after Hakaru Hashimoto, a Japanese doctor who first described this condition in 1912 (Dunkin, 2023).In people with Hashimoto's disease, the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, which is located at the front of the neck and produces hormones that regulate metabolism, i.e., how the body uses energy. These hormones affect many processes in the body, including heart rate and how the body burns calories from food. When the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, it can lead to hypothyroidism, a condition in which the body does not receive the necessary amount of hormones for proper functioning (Dunkin, 2023).The exact cause of the disease is not fully understood, but it is believed that many factors can contribute to its onset, including:Genes – People with Hashimoto's disease often have family members who suffer from thyroid diseases or other autoimmune disorders, suggesting that genes may play a significant role in the development of the disease.Infectious diseases – A virus or bacteria may trigger an immune system reaction, causing it to attack its own body.Environmental factors – Factors such as stress or excessive exposure to radiation may also contribute to the development of this disease (Dunkin, 2023).Risk factorsGender – Hashimoto's disease affects women about seven times more often than men, suggesting that sex hormones may play a role in the development of the disease. Also, many women experience thyroid issues in the first year after childbirth. Although these problems usually disappear, as many as 20% of those women develop Hashimoto's disease several years later.Age – Although Hashimoto's disease can occur at any age, it most commonly affects women between the ages of 30 and 50.Other autoimmune diseases – If you already have another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or type 1 diabetes, the risk of developing Hashimoto's disease is increased. This is linked to genetic factors and immune system dysfunction.Excessive iodine intake – Although iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, excessive intake can act as a trigger for disease development in individuals already prone to thyroid problems. Also, certain medications can increase the risk of developing the disease.Exposure to radiation – An increased number of thyroid disease cases has been reported in people exposed to radiation, including those who survived atomic bombings in Japan, the Chernobyl disaster, and those who received radiation as treatment for Hodgkin's disease. This exposure can have long-term effects on the thyroid gland (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022; Dunkin, 2023).All these factors suggest that Hashimoto's disease does not occur due to one single reason but is the result of a complex relationship between genetics, lifestyle, and the external environment.SymptomsThe symptoms of Hashimoto's disease are usually mild and develop gradually. The first sign is often an enlargement of the thyroid gland – goiter, which causes swelling in the neck and, in severe cases, difficulty swallowing (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022). Although it is usually painless, goiter can cause a sensation of fullness in the throat. After many years, damage to the gland may lead to its shrinkage and disappearance of the goiter (NIDDK, n.d.).Although Hashimoto's disease initially often does not show any symptoms, as the disease progresses, one or more symptoms of hypothyroidism may appear (NIDDK, n.d.). The lack of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) slows many body functions, and symptoms develop gradually and are often mistaken for depression, especially in older individuals:Facial expressions become lifeless, the voice becomes hoarse, and speech becomes slow;Eyelids droop, and the face and eyes may appear swollen;Hair becomes thin, coarse, and dry;Skin becomes dry, scaly, and thickened;People with hypothyroidism often feel fatigued, gain weight, suffer from constipation, and are unable to tolerate the cold;Muscle cramps, tingling in the hands (due to carpal tunnel syndrome), and a slowed pulse may occur;Carotenemia (slight orange tint to the skin);Loss of the outer parts of the eyebrows;Older individuals may show symptoms such as confusion and forgetfulness, which can be confused with dementia;Women with hypothyroidism may notice changes in menstrual cycles;Elevated cholesterol levels in the blood (Boucai, 2024).A small number of people with an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) may show symptoms that reflect the speeding up of body functions, such as:Increased heart rate and blood pressure;Palpitations due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias);Excessive sweating and feeling too warm;Hand tremors (shakiness);Nervousness and anxiety;Difficulty sleeping (insomnia);Weight loss despite increased appetite;Increased activity level despite fatigue and weakness;Frequent bowel movements, occasionally with diarrhea;Change in menstrual periods in women (Boucai, 2024).Possible complicationsThyroid hormones are crucial for many body functions, so untreated Hashimoto's disease and hypothyroidism can lead to serious complications, such as:Goiter – Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to reduced hormone secretion, which can make swallowing and breathing difficult.Heart problems – Hypothyroidism can lead to poor heart function, enlarged heart, irregular heartbeats, and elevated LDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.Mental problems – Depression and other mental disorders may occur and worsen over time. Sexual and reproductive dysfunction – In women, decreased libido, irregular menstruation, and ovulation problems; in men, decreased libido and erectile dysfunction.Poor pregnancy outcomes – Hypothyroidism can increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth, and developmental problems in babies, such as reduced intelligence or autism.Myxedema – Severe, untreated hypothyroidism can lead to myxedema coma, a condition requiring emergency medical attention (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022).Diagnosis and treatmentDoctors diagnose Hashimoto's disease based on:Medical history and physical examination – The doctor will first collect your medical history and perform a physical exam. In addition to checking symptoms, the doctor will examine if you have a goiter.Blood tests – The doctor will perform one or more blood tests to check for hypothyroidism and its causes. Examples of tests include: thyroid hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), and antibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPO), which are present in most people with Hashimoto's disease.If the doctor suspects Hashimoto's disease but does not find antibodies in the blood, they may recommend a thyroid ultrasound. Ultrasound can show the size of the thyroid gland and other characteristics of the disease, and it can also exclude other causes of an enlarged gland, such as nodules (NIDDK, n.d.)Treatment for Hashimoto's disease depends on the degree of thyroid damage, i.e., the presence of hypothyroidism. In the case of mild hormone disorder, the doctor may not prescribe medication but will monitor symptoms and thyroid hormone levels. If you have hypothyroidism, treatment consists of thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which the doctor adjusts according to your age, weight, degree of hypothyroidism, and other health factors. The doctor then monitors the therapy and adjusts it as needed. Treatment is lifelong, as there is no cure for Hashimoto's disease. Due to the slow action of hormones, it may take several months for symptoms to disappear and the goiter to shrink. If the goiter remains large, surgery may be required (Dunkin, 2023).It is possible that symptoms may worsen with therapy, especially while the doctor is trying to find the correct dose. Causes may be physical (such as infections) or emotional (such as stress, insomnia, or life changes). Worsening symptoms include fatigue, insomnia, irritability, and rapid heart rate. Some recommendations if symptoms worsen include:Take medications regularly.Follow an anti-inflammatory diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and fatty fish. Avoid processed meats and sodas.Monitor iodine levels in your diet, as excessive intake may worsen symptoms.Reduce stress and ensure enough rest.Consult your doctor about possible supplementation with vitamin D and selenium (Ibid).Hashimoto's disease is a subtle yet serious autoimmune disorder that gradually impairs thyroid function. Early detection and proper treatment are crucial to preventing complications and maintaining quality of life. With the right therapy, people with Hashimoto's disease can live a healthy and balanced life. Regular monitoring and a healthy lifestyle play a key role in effectively managing this condition.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [NIDDK]. (n.d.). Hashimoto’s disease. National Institutes of Health. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hashimotos-diseaseNational Cancer Institute. (2020, March 18). Couple clasping hands. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/person-wearing-gold-wedding-band-BxXgTQEw1M4Mayo Clinic Staff. (2022, January 15). Hashimoto's disease symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855Dunkin, M. A. (2023, October 26). Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Symptoms, causes, treatments. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/women/hashimotos-thyroiditis-symptoms-causes-treatmentsBoucai, L. (2024, February). Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis, including Graves Disease). In MSD Manual. Retrieved April 2024, from https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-gland-disorders/hyperthyroidism

Ligaments are strong bands of tissue that connect bones in the body. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of four key ligaments in the knee, and one of the two ligaments that cross in the middle of the knee, connecting the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone), helping to stabilize the knee joint (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022). ACL injuries are one of the most common knee problems, especially among athletes. This ligament plays a crucial role in stabilizing the knee, and injuries can occur from sudden movements, such as cutting, jumping, or contact with an opponent. While most often occurring in sports like football, basketball, and tennis, ACL injuries can also happen during everyday activities. Depending on the severity of the injury, treatment may be conservative or require surgery. This article provides an overview of the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for ACL injuries, as well as the importance of proper recovery.Risk Factors and Causes of InjuryACL injuries are common in sports that put pressure on the knee and require sudden changes of direction, such as football, basketball, and lacrosse. The majority of injuries occur during activities involving rapid twisting or cutting movements, but they can also happen in everyday movement. These injuries are most often unintentionally caused when a person’s foot “catches” on the ground, and the leg is overextended with force directed outward. Interestingly, women are more likely to experience this type of injury than men (Walker et al, 2015). In addition, common risk factors for ACL injury include poor physical conditioning, using improper movement patterns (such as allowing the knees to move inward during squats), wearing ill-fitting footwear, using poorly maintained sports equipment (such as improperly adjusted ski bindings), and playing on artificial turf (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022).Common causes of ACL injury include:Sudden deceleration and change of direction (cutting)Twisting while the foot is firmly planted on the groundImproper landing after a jumpSudden stoppingDirect impact or collision, as seen in American football (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022).Symptoms of InjuryA “popping” sound in the knee – Many people hear a popping sound in their knee when an injury occurs, although not everyone experiences this.Pain – If the injury is minor, there may be little pain. However, discomfort may be felt along the knee joint line. Some individuals have difficulty standing or putting pressure on the injured leg.Swelling – Swelling typically occurs within the first 24 hours and can be reduced by applying ice to the knee and elevating the injured leg on a pillow.Difficulty walking – If you can place weight on the injured leg, you may notice it is harder to walk than usual. Some people feel that their knee joint is less stable.Decreased range of motion – After ACL damage, it is very likely that you won’t be able to bend or straighten your knee as you did before the injury (Powell, 2024).Some individuals feel intense pain right away, while others may be able to walk for a few hours after the injury. However, as time passes and the swelling in the knee increases, it becomes more difficult to move, and the range of motion decreases (UPMC, n.d.).Diagnosis of ACL InjuryWhen the ligament is damaged, it usually results in a partial or complete tear of the tissue. A mild injury may stretch the ligament but leave it intact (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2022). If you suspect you’ve injured your ACL, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible, as the best time to diagnose the injury is within the first hour after it happens, before significant swelling occurs. Quick action can help accurately determine the severity of the injury and begin appropriate treatment (UPMC, n.d.). A doctor may perform several tests to make a precise diagnosis:Tests – The doctor will ask you to lie on your back and bend your hips and/or knees at certain angles. Then, they will place their hands on various parts of your leg and gently move it. If any bone moves abnormally, it may indicate that the ACL is injured.X-ray – While X-rays cannot show soft tissues like the ACL, the doctor may order one to rule out bone fractures.MRI or ultrasound – These scans can show both bones and soft tissues. If your ACL is damaged, the injury will appear on the images.Arthroscopy – This procedure involves the doctor “looking inside the joint.” The surgeon makes a small incision in the skin, then inserts a small camera that displays the joint image on a screen. This exam helps the doctor see the exact type of injury and, if necessary, immediately correct or repair it (Powell, 2024).Treatment of ACL InjuryThe goal of treating an anterior cruciate ligament injury is to stabilize the knee and restore normal range of motion. To decide the best course of treatment, the doctor will consider several factors, such as the patient’s age, activity level, and the extent of the ACL injury.For minor ACL injuries, treatment often does not require surgery. In these cases, the doctor may recommend wearing a protective brace, resting, and engaging in physical therapy. Some tips for treating a minor injury include:Applying ice to the injured knee several times a day to reduce swellingElevating the knee above heart level to decrease swellingCompressing the knee with a bandage or elastic wrapDoing exercises to strengthen muscles to aid recoveryTaking time off from activities for several weeksUsing anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving medications to reduce swelling and speed recovery (UPMC, n.d.).However, if the injury is severe and there is a complete ACL tear, surgery is necessary. ACL injuries typically do not heal on their own, and without surgery, the knee can become unstable, increasing the risk of further injuries in the future. Surgical treatment includes two main types of operations:ACL Repair – The surgeon attempts to repair the original ligament, encouraging its natural healing.ACL Reconstruction – If the ligament cannot be repaired, tissue from the patient’s body (or a donor) is used to reconstruct a new ligament.After surgery, recovery time and physical rehabilitation are required to restore knee stability and allow a return to normal activities, including sports (UPMC, n.d.). Returning to a previous activity level may take one year or more. During rehabilitation, your doctor and physical therapist will test the stability and strength of your knee and assess its functionality. Research shows that up to one-third of athletes with ACL injuries will suffer another tear within two years. You can reduce the chances of re-injury by allowing more time for recovery (Powell, 2024).ConclusionInjuries to the anterior cruciate ligament can significantly impact the ability to perform everyday activities and athletic endeavors. Prompt diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for effective recovery. While minor injuries may be treated without surgery, more severe injuries require surgical intervention that can provide long-term knee stability. It is essential that the injured knee joint undergoes careful rehabilitation, as a lack of proper recovery can increase the risk of reinjury.*This text is for informational purposes only. If any symptoms occur, it is recommended to seek advice from a doctor or qualified healthcare professional.ReferencesWalker, G.N., D’Auria, J., Cui, L.R., Van Eck, C.F., & Fu, F.H. (2015). Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Medicina Fluminensis, 51(1), 27-40. Retrieved from: https://hrcak.srce.hr/135675Singh, Y. (2020, May 17). 2 men in red and white jersey shirt sitting on grass field [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/2-men-in-red-and-white-jersey-shirt-sitting-on-ground-during-daytime-KtPJkTlke8YMayo Clinic Staff. (2022, December 1). ACL injury symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 12, 2025, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acl-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350738#:~:text=An%20ACL%20injury%20is%20a,to%20your%20shinbone%20(tibia).Powell, A. (2024, January 16). Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and treatment. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/knee-pain/acl-injury-what-to-knowUPMC. (n.d.). ACL injury. UPMC. Retrieved March 12, 2025, from https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/acl-injury

Muscle knots, also known as "myofascial trigger points," are painful or sensitive lumps in the muscles that can cause chronic discomfort, reduced mobility, referred pain, and issues with autonomic functions. Doctors classify them as active and latent. Active trigger points cause pain even without touch, while latent ones are usually not painful but become sensitive when pressed. Muscle knots can form anywhere on the body where muscles or fascia are present (Nall, 2024), but they most commonly appear in the upper back, shoulders, neck, but also in the gluteal muscles. While they are usually not a serious problem, their discomfort can be significant. In rare cases, muscle knots may indicate chronic pain. When touched, the knots may feel swollen, tight, or lumpy, and at times may feel stiff and contracted, despite attempts to relax. They are often painful to the touch, and the affected area may become inflamed or swollen (Cronkleton, 2023).In this text, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevention of muscle knots to help you manage this condition and maintain the health of your muscles.CausesAlthough researchers are unsure of the exact cause of muscle pain, some doctors believe that spasms affect blood flow, while others believe the pain is caused by nerves irritated by the spasms. Muscle knots form when a small part of the muscle tightens due to a spasm. These spasms typically occur due to muscle irritation, most commonly from repetitive movements, such as prolonged training of the same muscle group (WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2023). Muscle knots can arise from various factors, such as (Cronkleton, 2023): • Lack of physical activity • Overuse or injury to muscles • Poor posture • Extended sitting in unnatural positions, such as sitting at a desk or driving • Dehydration • Poor eating habits • Stress • AnxietySymptomsMuscle knots feel like small, sensitive lumps that can be felt when touched. However, some knots may be deep within the muscles, and strong pressure on the connective tissue may be needed to feel them. Trigger points often cause what is known as referred pain, meaning that pain felt at one point can radiate to surrounding muscles when pressed. This is a key difference from tender points, which only hurt when directly pressed, and the pain does not spread to other muscles (Nall, 2024).In addition to muscle pain, muscle knots can cause other symptoms, such as (Cronkleton, 2023; Nall, 2024):Tension causing headachesReduced muscle flexibilityFeelings of numbness or tinglingTooth painEar painLower back painRinging in the ears (tinnitus)They can also cause stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep problems.TreatmentWith a bit of patience and time, you can often alleviate muscle knot pain on your own. Here are some tips that can help (Cronkleton, 2023; WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2023; Nall, 2024):Rest. Give your body a break from activities that cause knots. Take time to relax, sleep, or lie in a comfortable position. Dedicating at least 15-30 minutes a day to relaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga, can be helpful.Stretching and exercise. Light physical activity or stretching can relieve a muscle that is tight from prolonged uncomfortable positioning. Regular stretching can also prevent the formation of new knots, while aerobic exercises, such as swimming and jumping, improve circulation and help with muscle recovery.Reducing inflammation. Changes in diet to reduce inflammation and/or taking anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen or NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), can help reduce muscle pain.Combining hot and cold compresses. Alternating between ice and heat often helps alleviate pain. Use a cold compress on the painful area, and then switch to a warm compress or heating pad, depending on what feels better for you.Massage of trigger points. Pressing on a painful spot can relax the muscle. Try using your hands or a foam roller—press the knot as much as you can tolerate and repeat a few times a day.Muscle gels. Using gels with menthol or camphor can help relax the knots. Apply them to the affected area twice a day, with a prior skin test.Professional massage. A massage from a therapist can be very effective. Inform the therapist of the exact location of the pain so they can focus on the problem area.Physical therapy. In more severe cases, a physical therapist can identify the cause of the knots and apply appropriate treatments to relieve pain and prevent recurrence.To completely resolve the problem, it may be necessary to repeat treatments, such as massage, while avoiding movements that caused the tension.If home treatments do not relieve muscle knot symptoms, professional treatments can help relax muscles and restore function. A combination of treatments such as cold laser therapy, dry needling, electrical muscle stimulation, manual therapy, therapeutic massage, TENS devices, pulsed ultrasound, and injections into trigger points is typically used. These treatments help reduce pain and restore normal muscle function (Nall, 2024).PreventionThere are several key steps you can take to prevent the formation of muscle knots and maintain the health of your muscles:Maintain proper posture in daily life. Sit relaxed, with your shoulders pulled back and down, and avoid slouching while sitting.Give your body enough sleep and engage in regular physical activity.Before exercising, always warm up properly, and cool down afterward. Avoid overexertion, as lifting too heavily or running too fast can cause injuries that lead to muscle knots.Don't forget to take breaks if you sit for long periods. Stand up and move at least once every hour.Stretch regularly throughout the day, even while sitting at a desk or watching TV. Pay attention to how your body is aligned while performing daily activities.Maintain a healthy diet rich in calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and drink plenty of water. Choose fresh, whole foods instead of processed ones.Consider regular massages that will help you relax, improve flexibility, and maintain muscle health (Cronkleton, 2023).ConclusionMuscle knots, while typically not a serious health issue, can significantly impact quality of life due to pain, reduced mobility, and other discomforts. Understanding their causes, symptoms, and treatments can help you recognize and effectively manage them. Timely actions, such as stretching, massages, appropriate treatments, and changes in diet and lifestyle habits, can reduce the risk of their occurrence. It is also important to focus on prevention, as regular maintenance of good posture, physical activity, and relaxation can significantly reduce the frequency and intensity of muscle knots. In cases where home treatments are insufficient, professional treatments can provide additional assistance and long-term relief. Maintaining healthy muscles is key to overall well-being and the prevention of chronic pain.*This text is for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to consult your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:Cronkleton, E. (2023, February 13). How to Treat and Prevent Muscle Knots. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/muscle-knotsWebMD Editorial Contributor. (2023, July 21). What to know about muscle knots. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/what-to-know-muscle-knotsNall, R. (2024, January 29). What are muscle knots? Medical News Today. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321224#what-are-theySediqi, H. (2024, August 1). A woman leaning against a wall with her head in her hands [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/NxpNRYd0g6U

You’ve probably heard the advice that it's good to use the bathroom after sex, but have you ever wondered why? While it’s not a guarantee that you’ll be fully protected from urinary tract infections (UTIs), urinating after sex can play a key role in maintaining urinary health. In this text, we’ll explore why this is beneficial, when it’s especially important, and what other steps you can take to reduce the risk of these uncomfortable infections.Urinating After Sex as a UTI Prevention Method: Myth or Reality?Sexual activity increases the risk of urinary tract infections in women, as the urethra, vagina, and clitoris are close to each other, making it easier for bacteria to transfer. Urinating after intercourse can help flush out bacteria that may have entered the urethra, although urine won’t kill these bacteria but can wash them away (Bandukwala, 2023). While it’s not a foolproof way to prevent urinary infections, it can be beneficial, especially for women who are prone to these infections. For women, the short distance between the urethra and bladder makes it easier for bacteria to cause an infection. For men, urinating after sex is less helpful because their urethra is longer (Nall, 2019).If you don’t engage in penetrative sex, the risk of urinary infections is lower, but if you have oral sex, bacteria can still be transferred into the urethra. The ideal time to urinate is within 30 minutes after sex. If you don’t feel the urge to urinate, try drinking more water or relaxing on the toilet. While it's not catastrophic if you don’t urinate, holding in urine for too long can increase the risk of urinary infections (Nall, 2019). Also, it’s important to wipe from front to back to move bacteria away from the urethra (Bandukwala, 2023).Some people experience a burning sensation when urinating after sex, which does not necessarily mean you have a UTI. This may be the result of irritation on the outside of the body or in the vagina. To avoid irritation, it’s advisable to choose latex condoms and water-based, fragrance-free lubricants for sensitive skin (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).It’s important to note that urinating will not prevent pregnancy, nor will it affect your chances of conception, but it doesn’t hurt to wait a few minutes before going to the bathroom if you are trying to conceive. Additionally, urinating will not prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as they affect the body in a different way (Nall, 2019).Other Preventive Measures to Reduce the Risk of Urinary Tract InfectionsDrink plenty of water and urinate frequently to naturally flush out bacteria.Cranberry juice may reduce the frequency of urinary tract infections and relieve symptoms.Use mild genital area cleansing products and avoid irritating, scented products.Consider changing contraception, as some contraceptives can increase bacterial growth (Bandukwala, 2023).If you frequently experience urinary tract infections or suspect an infection, consult your doctor for advice on prevention and treatment.ConclusionUrinating after sexual intercourse can be a simple but effective way to reduce the risk of urinary infections, especially for women who are more prone to them. While it's not a perfect safeguard, this habit, combined with other preventive measures such as staying hydrated and using gentle hygiene products, can make a difference. However, if you regularly deal with urinary infections, the most important step is to consult a doctor who can provide the appropriate treatment and advice.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:Visuals. (2020, March 13). White tissue paper roll on blue background [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/Pd2hIHv95FYNall, R. (2019, May 6). Peeing after sex: What to know. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/peeing-after-sexCleveland Clinic. (2022, February 1). Peeing after sex: Why it might help prevent urinary tract infections. Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/peeing-after-sexBandukwala, N. Q. (2023, May 7). Peeing after sex: What to know. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/peeing-after-sex#penetrative-vs-non-penetrative-sex

Artificial nails, whether made of gels, acrylics, or gel polishes, have become popular as a fashion statement and a way to create longer-lasting and aesthetically pleasing nails. However, behind their beauty lie potential health risks that can seriously affect the health of your natural nails and skin. In this article, we will explore the key risks associated with the use of artificial nails and offer advice on how to protect your health while enjoying manicures.Types of Artificial NailsGel nails are made from (meth)acrylates and can be applied to natural nails or used for extensions. They need to be hardened under a UV lamp and cannot be removed by soaking, but must be filed down.Acrylic nails are prepared in the salon, applied to the natural nail, or used for added length. They are left to harden in the air and are removed by soaking in acetone.Gel polish is a hybrid mixture of gel and nail polish with a similar consistency to regular nail polish. After application, it must be hardened under a UV lamp and is removed by soaking in acetone (British Association of Dermatologists, 2023).Health Risks Associated with Artificial Nails1. Damage to Natural NailsTo ensure acrylic nails "stay," the surface of your natural nails must be roughened, which thins the natural nails, making them weaker (American Academy of Dermatology, n.d.). Soaking your fingers in acetone to remove acrylic/gel nails dries out the natural nails and can cause skin irritation, and acetone can also be absorbed into the bloodstream. Some gel nails need to be filed, which can weaken natural nails and make them thin and brittle (Fields, 2024). These damages can cause discoloration of the nails, such as whitening (pseudoleukonichia). The removal process can also cause damage to natural nails, creating ridges at the edges and damage to capillaries beneath. In some cases, onycholysis may occur, where the nail separates from the nail bed, creating space for infections such as paronychia (Taylor, 2024).Recommendation: Choose gel nails that can be removed by soaking, as they are more flexible than acrylics and cause less damage to natural nails. Use artificial nails only for special occasions to give your natural nails time to recover. Do not remove nails yourself, but visit a professional (American Academy of Dermatology, n.d.).2. Development of Bacterial and Fungal InfectionsGels, acrylic nails, and polishes are banned in clinical settings because the spaces under the nails and damage to the polish can harbor bacteria, which can be transmitted between staff and patients (Taylor, 2024). Medical staff who wear artificial nails during surgery preparation expose patients to a higher risk of post-surgical infections because artificial nails can trap microorganisms and cannot be effectively cleaned like natural nails. Surgical gloves may not always prevent the spread of these organisms, and there have been cases where artificial nails caused infections and even death. Therefore, it is advised that staff preparing for surgery should not wear artificial nails (Porteous, 2002).If artificial nails are left on too long, moisture can accumulate beneath them, creating favorable conditions for fungal growth (onychomycosis). Changes to natural nails caused by a fungal infection are often hidden beneath the acrylic, allowing the infection to progress unnoticed (Taylor, 2024).Recommendation: If you have had fungal nail infections, avoid artificial nails, especially using them to cover nail problems (Fields, 2024). Ask the manicurist to skip cutting your cuticles, as they protect nails from infections, and cutting them can increase the risk of bacterial infections (American Academy of Dermatology, n.d.).3. Allergic ReactionsThe chemicals used to bond or remove artificial nails can irritate your skin, causing redness, pus, or swelling around your nails. Acrylates, the ingredient that helps harden acrylic nails, are often associated with contact dermatitis (Fields, 2024). Allergy to acrylates is becoming an increasingly common issue, especially among manicurists who work with these materials daily. Unlike dentists and orthopedists who also use acrylates, manicurists are often unaware of the risks posed by these materials. For example, many are not aware that monomers can pass through latex gloves, increasing the risk of allergic reactions, which is why more detailed training for manicurists is necessary (Van den Beukel, 2023).Recommendation: If you experience an allergic reaction, it is advised to stop using the product that caused the allergy and consult a dermatologist for treatment. Consider alternatives like gel nails or opt for natural nail care. Preventing nail product allergies involves being aware of the products you are using and taking steps to limit exposure to potential allergens. This includes choosing hypoallergenic products, performing patch tests, and maintaining good nail hygiene (Wyndly Care Team, 2025).4. Increased Risk of Skin CancerAlthough many factors contribute to the risk of cancer, there have been cases where skin cancer has been linked to UV lamps used for nails. Gel nails are hardened with a special device that emits UVA light, which hardens the gel and transforms it into solid polymers. Since most people get their nails done every few weeks and the hardening process lasts about ten minutes, this significantly increases exposure to UVA light. While the back of the hands is naturally more resistant to UV radiation, it is uncovered by clothing and is often forgotten when applying sunscreen. When applied, sunscreen is often washed off and not reapplied. Additionally, the adhesive used for acrylic nails, which bonds to the natural nail, typically contains alcohol, cyanoacrylate, and photo-bonded methacrylate, along with formaldehyde, a known carcinogen (Taylor, 2024).Recommendation: Choose a salon with LED lamps (instead of UV), as they emit less UV radiation and cure the gel more quickly (American Academy of Dermatology, n.d.). You can also reduce the risk of UV exposure by applying sunscreen with a high SPF 30 minutes before your manicure and wearing dark, fingerless gloves during the process (Taylor, 2024).It is important to note that risks are especially pronounced when products are improperly applied, or nails are not sufficiently hardened, which is why at-home artificial nail kits (without knowledge of proper use and medical risks) are not recommended. Furthermore, latex and PVC gloves do not provide protection against these chemicals, which is why experts recommend using nitrile gloves (British Association of Dermatologists, 2023).ConclusionArtificial nails can be a great way to enhance your appearance and express your personal style, but it is crucial to be aware of the potential risks they carry. Damage to natural nails, bacterial and fungal infections, allergic reactions, and even increased skin cancer risk are just some of the challenges you might face. However, with proper attention, education, and the choice of safe products, you can enjoy manicures without compromising the health of your nails and skin. It is important to always choose professionals who understand these risks, use hypoallergenic and safe materials, and follow recommendations for UV radiation protection. Ultimately, finding the balance between beauty and health is key, and proper care of artificial nails will allow you to enjoy your style without the risks.*This text is for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or qualified health professional.References:American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). How to reduce artificial nail damage. American Academy of Dermatology. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/nail-care-secrets/basics/pedicures/reduce-artificial-nail-damagePorteous J. (2002). Artificial nails... very real risks. Canadian operating room nursing journal, 20(3), 16–21.British Association of Dermatologists. (2023, April 14). Dermatologists reiterate artificial nails warning and risk of at-home kits. British Association of Dermatologists. https://www.bad.org.uk/dermatologists-reiterate-artificial-nails-warning-and-risk-of-at-home-kits/Van den Beukel, S. (2023, November 24). UVA, dentist and dermatologist warn against artificial nails. Folia.nl. https://www.folia.nl/international/159920/uva-dentist-and-dermatologist-warn-against-artificial-nailsTrovato, G. (2021, September 22). A woman getting her nails done at a nail salon [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-getting-her-nails-done-at-a-nail-salon-gb6gtiTZKB8Fields, L. (2024, March 6). Artificial nails overview. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Stephanie S. Gardner, MD. https://www.webmd.com/beauty/beauty-artificial-nails-overviewTaylor, A. (2024, July 10). Gel manicures and acrylic nails might look beautiful but they come with ugly health risks. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/gel-manicures-and-acrylic-nails-might-look-beautiful-but-they-come-with-ugly-health-risks-232857Wyndly Care Team. (2025, February 26). Acrylic nail allergies: Symptoms, treatment, and alternatives. Wyndly. https://www.wyndly.com/blogs/learn/allergy-acrylic-nails#:~:text=Sudden%20allergies%20to%20nail%20treatments,itchiness%2C%20redness%2C%20or%20swelling.

Spring is often associated with growth, renewal, and blooming, but transitioning into warmer months isn’t always the solution to mental health issues like seasonal depression and anxiety. In fact, during spring and early summer, there is a high number of suicides, and many people experience increased depression and anxiety. The main reason for this could be change, which may excite some but create a sense of instability for others. Changes in weather and routines can trigger anxiety. Spring is also a time for significant life events, such as weddings, which can cause stress and nostalgia. Additionally, spring allergies, hormonal changes, and sleep issues can contribute to poor mental health (Charlie Health Editorial Team, 2021).Mood and Mental Health During Spring When the seasons change, our bodies naturally react to changes in light, affecting the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep and mood. During winter, increased production of melatonin can trigger depression in individuals with seasonal affective disorder (SAD), while in spring, when production decreases, mood improves, and energy levels increase (Davis, 2022). Moreover, spring sunlight boosts serotonin production in the brain, which can further improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. With the arrival of warmer weather and longer days, many people feel more energetic and motivated, prompting them to engage in outdoor activities and creative projects (Arandovo, n.d.).However, due to disruptions in circadian rhythms (biological clocks) caused by increased daylight and changes in hormone production, especially melatonin, many people experience spring lethargy during the transition from winter to spring. This is characterized by feelings of fatigue, exhaustion, and a general lack of energy (Arandovo, n.d.). Some people face depression, especially those who haven’t met their New Year’s goals. Bipolar disorder may cause the first manic episodes during this season due to changes in circadian rhythms. Additionally, many people experience more anxiety due to the changes that come with spring. Seasonal affective disorder can worsen, especially when pollen starts spreading. Suicide rates are highest in spring, partly due to manic behavior and increased social pressure (American Behavioral Clinics, n.d.).Tips for Improving Well-being During SpringMaintain a regular sleep routine: Longer daylight hours may tempt you to stay awake longer, but it is important to maintain a healthy sleep routine. With longer days and more light, it’s important to establish a consistent sleep schedule and limit screen exposure before bed. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep each night to improve overall health (CMHA Saskatoon, 2023). Set two alarms—one to remind you it’s time for bed and one to wake you up. Try to stick to your sleep routine consistently throughout the week (Charlie Health Editorial Team, 2021).Incorporate moderate physical activities into your routine: Physical activity is essential for mental health. Find activities that you enjoy, such as walking, biking, or swimming, to improve your emotional state (CMHA Saskatoon, 2023).Focus on a balanced diet: If you enjoyed soups and heavy foods during the winter, try switching to lighter meals that better fit the spring season, such as salads or fish (Brown University Health Blog Team, 2023). Seasonal foods like fruits, vegetables, and fresh herbs are rich in nutrients and antioxidants that help strengthen the immune system and protect against the negative effects of spring on your health (Arandovo, n.d.).Spend more time outdoors in nature: Spending more time outdoors can help rejuvenate energy and bring back the vitality that is specific to the spring months (Arandovo, n.d.). Warmer weather and longer days make it easier to spend more time outside. This has positive effects on mental health, including stress reduction, improved mood, and cognitive function. It’s recommended to spend time in nature every day, even if it’s just for your morning coffee (CMHA Saskatoon, 2023).Spring is an ideal time to strengthen social connections: Spending time with friends and family helps reduce stress and improve mood. Even simple moments like picnics, bike rides, or phone calls can help reduce feelings of isolation (CMHA Saskatoon, 2023).Do some spring cleaning: Cleaning and organizing your space after winter can be a demanding task, but it brings mental benefits. Tidying your home not only makes the space cleaner and larger, but it also helps clear your mind, reducing stress and making mental organization easier (Brown University Health Blog Team, 2023).Alleviate Allergy Symptoms: If you are prone to allergies, take measures to manage and alleviate their symptoms. Some strategies for alleviating symptoms and controlling spring allergies include limiting exposure to pollen, using medications on time, and adjusting your living space to reduce allergens. Consulting with a doctor, testing for allergens, and undergoing specialized treatments like immunotherapy can further assist in managing symptoms. Additionally, preventive measures such as closing windows, using appropriate filters, and regularly cleaning the space can significantly improve the condition of individuals suffering from seasonal allergies. By following these tips, it is possible to reduce discomfort and enjoy the spring without too many disruptions. For more details on strategies to control spring allergies, read here.ConclusionSpring brings numerous challenges but also opportunities to improve mental health. While seasonal changes can trigger anxiety and worsen symptoms of seasonal depression, by maintaining a sleep routine, staying physically active, eating a balanced diet, and spending time outdoors, we can adapt to changes and use spring as an opportunity to renew energy and mental well-being. Additionally, strengthening social connections and organizing your space can significantly contribute to reducing stress and improving emotional health. By following these tips, we can create a positive, healthy routine that will help us overcome the challenges that spring may bring.*This text is for informational purposes only. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Reference:American Behavioral Clinics. (n.d.). Spring’s arrival affects mental health. American Behavioral Clinics. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://americanbehavioralclinics.com/springs-arrival-affects-mental-health/Arandovo. (n.d.). How spring affects people. Arandovo. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://www.arandovo.com/how-spring-affects-people/Brown University Health Blog Team. (2023, March 13). It's a spring thing: Healthy tips for the new season. Brown University. https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/its-spring-thing-healthy-tips-new-seasonCharlie Health Editorial Team. (2021, May 5). Spring season and mental health. Charlie Health. https://www.charliehealth.com/post/spring-season-and-mental-healthCMHA Saskatoon. (2023, March 14). 5 tips to managing mental health in the spring. Canadian Mental Health Association. https://cmhasaskatoon.ca/5-tips-to-managing-mental-health-in-the-spring/Davis, J. L. (2022, April 27). You give me spring fever. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/women/features/you-give-me-spring-feverKniaz, A. (2023, March 3). A woman sitting on a swing in a park [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-sitting-on-a-swing-in-a-park-aY0C2WqxNB4

Garlic is a spice that has been used since ancient times and is known for its beneficial effects on health. It contains compounds that can help prevent and treat many diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and metabolic disorders. Garlic works by reducing inflammation, protecting against oxidative stress (which damages cells), and lowering levels of bad fats in the blood. Numerous studies have shown that its consumption is beneficial for health and that it is safe to combine it with medications or other foods, thereby extending its therapeutic effects. Although garlic breaks down quickly in the body and is not easily absorbed in large amounts, it still has many health benefits (Ansary, et al. 2020).The main active ingredient in garlic is allicin, which contains oxygen, sulfur, and other chemicals, giving it antibacterial properties and the ability to fight diseases (Iftikhar, 2023). When subjected to the fermentation process, garlic becomes even more valuable, and its health potential reaches a new dimension. Fermented garlic, also known as black garlic, is not only a tasty and sweet alternative to raw garlic but also provides numerous benefits for the human body. This unique food supplement helps boost immunity, lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels, and even fight cancer. In this article, we will explore how fermentation affects its nutritional profile, the health benefits and potential side effects, as well as how to prepare it easily at home.What is Fermented Garlic?Fermented (“black”) garlic is made from fresh garlic that has undergone fermentation, changing its taste and color. The fermentation process enhances the bioactivity of garlic, making it more beneficial for health. Fermented garlic is sweet and gelatinous. In addition to altering the taste, fermentation affects the minerals and nutrients in the garlic. Black garlic exhibits the following effects in the body (Mikstas, 2024):AntioxidantAntiallergicAntidiabeticAnti-inflammatoryAnticancer effects.The preparation process of fermented garlic is simple, although it takes 3-6 weeks:Peel the garlic.Place the cloves in a clean jar.Add water, salt, and spices of choice.Store in a cool place.Let it sit for 3-6 weeks at room temperature (Mikstas, 2024).During fermentation, the garlic cloves may turn neon green or blue, which is normal and results from a pH reaction. The cloves will likely turn white or yellow later, and the finished fermented garlic will be dark yellow. It is not recommended to open the jar to release gas unless the pressure severely bends the lid. If you do, open it slowly and gradually over 15-20 minutes. It is advised to transfer the ferment to the refrigerator once done, and a plastic lid is better than a metal one since metal may rust (Bewell Clinic, n.d.).For health benefits, it is recommended to consume one or two cloves of fermented garlic daily, and you can gradually increase the amount if you experience symptoms of acute illnesses (Bewell Clinic, n.d.). Additionally, black garlic can be used in various dishes and as a dietary supplement. It has a mild, sweet taste compared to raw garlic, making it ideal for people who cannot tolerate its sharp flavor and smell. It can be used in salads, sauces, marinades, or simply eaten as a healthy addition to meals. Fermentation of garlic typically involves using salt, which increases its sodium content. If you make fermented garlic at home, you can control the amount of salt.Nutritional Benefits of Fermented GarlicIncrease in Nutrients: Fermentation increases the content of nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The highest level of proteins occurs after 60 days of fermentation, while the highest levels of fats and carbohydrates appear after 90 days.Antioxidant Properties: During fermentation, the content of antioxidants such as polyphenols and flavonoids increases. These antioxidants help protect the body from oxidative stress and prevent diseases related to free radicals, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer.Easier Absorption of Nutrients: Fermentation makes it easier for the body to absorb nutrients since fermented garlic is less aggressive on the digestive system, making it better for people with sensitive stomachs.Improved Digestion: Fermented garlic contains beneficial probiotics that can contribute to gut health, improving the balance of bacteria in the intestines and aiding digestion.Lower Levels of Allicin: While raw garlic contains a lot of allicin, responsible for its characteristic smell and many health benefits, fermentation reduces allicin levels, making fermented garlic less pungent and aromatic. Allicin is converted into other beneficial substances during fermentation, which also have healthy effects (Mikstas, 2024).Potential BenefitsThe health benefits of garlic, which are confirmed in its fermented version, are numerous. Some of them include:Higher Antioxidant Levels: Fermentation increases the levels of antioxidants such as alkaloids and flavonoids, which help protect cells from damage and prevent diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer.Boosting Immunity: Garlic can enhance the body’s immune response. It acts as an immunostimulator, increasing the number, lifespan, and strength of natural killer (NK) cells. Studies show that garlic supplements can reduce colds and shorten the duration of illnesses.Reducing Blood Pressure: Garlic can significantly lower high blood pressure, similar to some hypertension medications, with a daily intake of 600-1,500 mg of aged garlic extract.Improving Cholesterol Levels: Consuming garlic can reduce LDL (“bad” cholesterol) and total cholesterol by 10-15% in individuals with elevated cholesterol levels, but it does not significantly affect HDL (“good” cholesterol) or triglycerides.Detoxification of Heavy Metals: Sulfur compounds in garlic can help lower levels of heavy metals, such as lead, in the blood and reduce symptoms of toxicity, such as headaches and high blood pressure.Regulating Blood Sugar Levels: Animal studies show that black garlic can improve blood sugar regulation, reduce glucose and insulin levels, and lower the risk of diabetes complications. Further research in humans is needed.Reducing Risk of Heart Disease: Black garlic can reduce total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, and triglycerides while increasing HDL (good) cholesterol. It also shows potential for improving heart health.Brain Health Protection: Black garlic can reduce inflammation affecting brain function and memory, offering protection against degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.Anticancer Properties: In preliminary studies, black garlic shows potential for fighting cancer, particularly through immune stimulation and anticancer effects in laboratory conditions. However, further research is needed.Liver Protection: Black garlic can help protect the liver from damage caused by toxins, medications, alcohol, and pollution. It can also contribute to improving liver function in cases of chronic damage.Improved Digestion: It stimulates bile production, which aids in digestion.Helps in Blood Thinning: It increases blood clotting time, which may help prevent the formation of clots.Fighting Parasites: Some types of worms cannot survive in the presence of garlic.Natural Remedy for Respiratory Tract: It helps reduce bronchial secretions and can be useful in treating asthma (Panoff, 2023; Mikstas, 2024; Bewell Clinic, n.d.).Potential Side EffectsFermented garlic generally does not have serious side effects but should be avoided in large amounts if you are taking blood-thinning medications or have an allergy to garlic (Panoff, 2023).Garlic can sometimes be misrecognized as a threat by the immune system, triggering allergic reactions. Garlic allergy can cause symptoms such as skin inflammation, hives, itchy nose, sneezing, shortness of breath, nausea, stomach pains, and diarrhea. Symptoms can vary in intensity and may appear immediately or a few hours after exposure. If you suspect an allergy, consult your doctor, who may refer you to an allergist for testing (Mikstas, 2024). In addition to causing allergic reactions, in larger doses, garlic can thin the blood, increasing the risk of bleeding. This can lead to negative interactions with medications such as aspirin, warfarin, and clopidogrel, as well as with the antiviral drug saquinavir, which is used to treat HIV (Iftikhar, 2023).ConclusionFermented garlic, also known as black garlic, is a true natural elixir for health! Its transformation through fermentation not only improves its taste and digestibility but also increases its nutrient values and powerful antioxidants, which help in the prevention of many diseases, from cardiovascular diseases to diabetes and cancer. Its therapeutic effects, which include boosting the immune system, lowering blood pressure, improving cholesterol levels, and detoxifying the body, make it an indispensable part of a healthy diet. Although the risks are minimal, it is important to consume it in moderation, especially if you are using blood-thinning medications or have a garlic allergy. When integrated into everyday nutrition, fermented garlic can bring many long-term benefits for overall health, and its versatility in the kitchen makes it a simple and delicious addition to meals.*This text is for informational purposes only. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:Ansary, J., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Gil, E., Cianciosi, D., Zhang, J., Elexpuru-Zabaleta, M., Simal-Gandara, J., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. (2020). Potential Health Benefit of Garlic Based on Human Intervention Studies: A Brief Overview. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 9(7), 619. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070619Bewell Clinic. (n.d.). Fermented garlic: A powerful food for health. Be Well Clinic. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.bewellclinic.net/fermented-garlic-a-powerful-food-for-health/Anshu, A. (2020, May 12). Garlic on stainless steel bowl [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/garlic-on-stainless-steel-bowl-yuB68kf21Z4Iftikhar, N. (2023, March 27). Garlic and honey: Proven benefits, uses, recipes, and side effects. Healthline. Edited by Nastassja Myer. Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.healthline.com/health/garlic-and-honey#propertiesPanoff, L. (2023, September 7). Black garlic benefits. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/black-garlic-benefits#How-to-add-it-to-your-dietMikstas, C. (2024, December 21). Fermented garlic: Are there health benefits? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/fermented-garlic-health-benefits

Spring brings blooming flowers, trees, and sprouting grass, which increases the concentration of pollen in the air. This can trigger seasonal allergies in many people. Common symptoms include sneezing, itchy eyes, nasal congestion, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Increased exposure to pollen can be particularly problematic for those who suffer from allergic rhinitis or asthma (Arandovo, n.d.). In this text, we present 3 key strategies for controlling seasonal allergy symptoms.1.    Limit time spent outdoorsPollen is most prevalent in the morning and during dry, windy days, so it is advisable to stay indoors during these times. The best time to go outside is after rain, which helps clear pollen from the air (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024). If you go outside, wear glasses to protect your eyes, a protective mask if necessary (Arandovo, n.d.), and a hat to protect your hair. Upon returning home, remove the clothes you wore outside and shower to wash off the pollen from your skin and hair (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024). Avoid mowing the lawn, pulling weeds, and other gardening tasks that stir up allergens.2.    Consult your doctor for appropriate medicationVisiting a doctor for recommendations on appropriate medications can be key to controlling symptoms and reducing discomfort (Arandovo, n.d.). Antihistamines can help with symptoms like sneezing and a runny nose. For more severe symptoms, nasal sprays are recommended, which may take a few days to start working. Begin taking medications at least a week before the allergy season starts, so that they are effective when you need them most. Additionally, some herbal remedies, such as butterbur extract, may help alleviate allergy symptoms. Before using them, consult your doctor (Booth, 2015). For individuals with severe seasonal allergies, doctors may recommend tests to determine which allergens trigger symptoms. Based on the results, treatments such as allergy shots (immunotherapy) may be suggested to reduce the immune system's reaction, or in some cases, tablets placed under the tongue (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024).3.    Adjust your homeTo control allergy symptoms, it is important to close windows in your home and car during peak pollen season. It is recommended to use air filtration devices, such as air purifiers (Arandovo, n.d.), air conditioning instead of fans, and install a HEPA filter in your vacuum cleaner (Booth, 2015). Keep indoor air dry with a dehumidifier (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2024).It is advisable to vacuum twice a week while wearing a protective mask during vacuuming, as vacuuming can stir up pollen, mold, and dust that have been trapped in your carpet (Watson, 2025). Also, avoid drying laundry outdoor during spring (Booth, 2015).ConclusionSeasonal allergies can significantly affect the quality of life during the spring season, but there are effective strategies for controlling symptoms. These strategies include limiting exposure to pollen, taking medications on time, and adjusting your living space to reduce allergens. Consultations with a doctor, allergy testing, and the use of specialized treatments such as immunotherapy can further assist in managing symptoms. Additionally, preventive measures like closing windows, using appropriate filters, and regularly cleaning the space can greatly improve the condition of those suffering from seasonal allergies. By following these tips, it is possible to reduce discomfort and enjoy the spring without too many disruptions.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.References:Arandovo. (n.d.). How spring affects people. Arandovo. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://www.arandovo.com/how-spring-affects-people/Booth, S. (2015, October 26). 5 ways to beat spring allergies. WebMD. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://www.webmd.com/allergies/features/5-ways-to-beat-spring-allergiesMayo Clinic Staff. (2024, February 28). Seasonal allergies (hay fever). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hay-fever/in-depth/seasonal-allergies/art-20048343Safaei, M. H. (2024, July 27). A man sitting on a bench in a park [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-man-sitting-on-a-bench-in-a-park-3mmQIqJyH-EWatson, S. (2025, January 22). Spring allergies: Causes, symptoms, and treatment. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Sabrina Felson, MD. Retrieved March 21, 2025, from https://www.webmd.com/allergies/spring-allergies

Sweating is a natural body cooling process, activated by the nervous system when body temperature rises (Mayo Clinic, 2024). Under normal circumstances, sweat glands are stimulated by physical activity, external environmental factors, and emotional factors (BelMedic, n.d.). Excessive sweating or hyperhidrosis is a condition that occurs when the body sweats more than necessary to regulate its temperature. Individuals with hyperhidrosis may experience sweating at unexpected times, such as in cold temperatures or during rest (Cleveland Clinic, 2023). This condition can lead to embarrassment and social isolation, and in more severe cases, it can make daily activities, such as holding a pen, driving, or shaking hands, more difficult (Powell, 2024). Additionally, people with hyperhidrosis are more prone to skin infections (Mayo Clinic, 2024).Types of HyperhidrosisDepending on the cause, hyperhidrosis can be divided into two types: primary and secondary hyperhidrosis. Primary hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating that usually occurs during adolescence or even earlier. It affects the hands, feet, face, and armpits. The cause of this condition is unknown. Secondary hyperhidrosis: This type of hyperhidrosis starts in adulthood and has a medical cause, such as hormonal disorders, infections, or neurological diseases. Certain medications can also trigger this condition (Powell, 2024).Depending on the areas of the body affected by sweating, several types of hyperhidrosis are also recognized: Focal hyperhidrosis: When excessive sweating affects specific body parts, it is called focal hyperhidrosis. It typically affects the palms, soles, armpits, and forehead. Generalized hyperhidrosis: This condition involves sweating of the entire body, usually including the head, chest, abdomen, back, arms, legs, groin, and buttocks. Axillary hyperhidrosis: This type of hyperhidrosis affects the armpits. Problems with the armpits typically start in late adolescence. Palmoplantar hyperhidrosis: This refers to excessive sweating on the palms and soles, usually starting around the age of 13 (Powell, 2024).Causes of HyperhidrosisPrimary hyperhidrosis occurs due to incorrect nerve signals that excessively activate sweat glands, usually on the palms, soles, armpits, and face. There is no known medical cause, but it may be hereditary (Mayo Clinic, 2024). Genetic predisposition increases the risk of developing excessive sweating by 50% (BelMedic, n.d.).Secondary hyperhidrosis is a result of other medical conditions or medications, such as pain relievers, antidepressants, or medications for diabetes and hormones. It can cause sweating of the entire body and can be associated with conditions such as diabetes, menopause, thyroid problems, certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and infections (Mayo Clinic, 2024).Symptoms of HyperhidrosisThe main symptom of hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating, which can cause a feeling of moisture on the skin, wet clothing, or even droplets falling from the skin (e.g., from the forehead). Over time, this condition can lead to other unpleasant symptoms, such as itching and inflammation due to skin irritation from sweat, unpleasant body odor caused by the mixture of sweat and bacteria on the skin, or even cracking and peeling of the skin on the feet (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).Symptoms of hyperhidrosis can be mild and occasional, or persistent and severely affect daily life. In addition to physical symptoms, this condition can have an emotional impact. Many people feel embarrassed by sweating or avoid social situations. If hyperhidrosis affects your mental health, it is important to consult a doctor who can help control the symptoms, as well as a mental health professional who can help you cope with the emotions caused by this condition (Cleveland Clinic, 2023). Additionally, excessive sweating can sometimes indicate a serious condition, so it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention if it occurs with symptoms such as dizziness, chest pain, or a rapid pulse. Also, see a doctor if sweating interferes with your daily life, causes emotional stress, leads to social withdrawal, or if you notice a sudden increase in sweating or night sweats without explanation (Mayo Clinic, 2024).Diagnosis of HyperhidrosisThe diagnosis of hyperhidrosis is made based on a physical examination, symptoms, and medical history. If you sweat in specific body areas, on both sides of the body, and this has been occurring for at least six months, and the symptoms interfere with your daily life and there is a family history of hyperhidrosis, it may indicate hyperhidrosis. To determine the cause of hyperhidrosis, the doctor may use several tests:Starch and iodine test: The doctor applies an iodine solution to the sweaty area, then sprinkles starch. The areas where sweating is excessive turn dark blue.Paper test: A special paper is placed on the affected area to absorb sweat, and the amount of sweat absorbed is measured, determining the intensity of sweating.Blood tests or imaging: These tests may take a blood sample or scan the area beneath the skin, providing the doctor with additional information about the cause of your symptoms (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).If excessive sweating becomes a serious problem, causes discomfort in social situations, or worsens over time, it is important to see a doctor. It is always essential to act promptly, especially if sweating is accompanied by symptoms such as chest pain, nausea, or dizziness. In cases where this condition negatively affects mental health, it is recommended to speak with a healthcare provider or mental health professional (Ibid).Treatment of HyperhidrosisHyperhidrosis is not life-threatening, but it can seriously impact daily life, causing discomfort, embarrassment, or gradual withdrawal from activities that you normally enjoy. Although there is no cure for hyperhidrosis, various treatments can significantly improve the quality of life and help reduce symptoms (Cleveland Clinic, 2023). Treatment, regular visits to the doctor, and lifestyle changes, such as wearing breathable clothing, can help keep symptoms under control (Powell, 2024).Treatment of hyperhidrosis depends on the affected body part, the severity of the symptoms, and the appropriate treatment. A healthcare provider or dermatologist will help you find the most effective options, which may include:Home treatment, such as using antiperspirants (preferably aluminum-based), more frequent showers, and wearing breathable clothing like cotton;Medications, including anticholinergic drugs, antidepressants, beta-blockers, medical wipes, or aluminum chloride gel; If symptoms do not improve, specialized therapies may be recommended, such as:Iontophoresis: A special device emits a low electric current through water, gradually blocking sweat glands. Each therapy lasts 10 to 20 minutes, and repeated treatments may be required. This therapy can also be done at home;Botulinum toxin injection (Botox®): A botulinum toxin injection into an overactive nerve can stop sweating production for several months, after which the treatment needs to be repeated;Microwave therapy: A high-tech device (miraDry®) emits heat to the affected skin area, permanently destroying overactive sweat glands. The procedure lasts about an hour and is performed in a healthcare professional’s office.If these methods are not effective, surgery may be an option, including minimally invasive procedures or removal of sweat glands (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).Each therapy can have side effects, such as skin irritation and color changes, pain, discomfort, scarring, or damage to clothing, so it is important to discuss potential risks with your doctor before deciding on a treatment (Ibid).ConclusionHyperhidrosis, although not life-threatening, can severely affect daily life, causing physical and emotional discomfort. Excessive sweating can lead to social isolation, embarrassment, and even physical issues like skin irritation and infections. While there is no cure for this condition, there are numerous treatments available that can significantly improve the quality of life for those affected. From lifestyle changes, such as wearing breathable clothing, to therapies like iontophoresis, Botox, or microwave treatments, there are various options for controlling symptoms. It is important to consult a doctor to obtain an accurate diagnosis and choose the most appropriate treatment, significantly reducing the impact of this condition on physical and mental health. Speaking with mental health professionals is also recommended to cope with the emotional challenges that hyperhidrosis can cause.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferenceBelMedic. (n.d.). Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis). BelMedic. Retrieved February 9, 2025, from https://www.belmedic.rs/bolesti-od-a-do-s/prekomerno-znojenje-hiperhidrozaCleveland Clinic. (2023, July 1). Hyperhidrosis. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17113-hyperhidrosisPowell, A. (2024, September 2). Hyperhidrosis. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Stephanie S. Gardner, MD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hyperhidrosis2Mayo Clinic. (2024, October 25). Hyperhidrosis: Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20367152Dumlao, N. (2020, October 21). Man in white shirt sitting on black chair [Photograph]. Unsplash. Retrieved from https://unsplash.com/photos/man-in-white-shirt-sitting-on-black-chair-RJp0YdjgK_E

An anti-inflammatory diet helps reduce chronic inflammation, which can be associated with various serious diseases. Inflammation typically protects the body from threats such as microbes or allergens through occasional episodes of inflammation, which represent a natural immune system response to these threats (Harvard Health Publishing, 2024). However, when inflammation becomes chronic, it becomes harmful to the body and can damage healthy cells, tissues, and organs, increasing the risk of developing serious conditions (Spritzler, 2023), including cancer, heart disease, metabolic syndrome (high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol), type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune diseases, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia, depression, and osteoporosis (Brody, 2023).Research shows that certain foods can have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing the risk of developing the aforementioned diseases. Choosing the right foods can help combat chronic inflammation, while poor nutrition can accelerate the development of inflammatory diseases (Harvard Health Publishing, 2024). An anti-inflammatory diet involves consuming foods that naturally reduce inflammation and avoiding those that trigger it. It focuses on plant-based foods such as fresh vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, spices, and other nutrient-dense foods. When it comes to animal products, it is recommended to choose wild fish, organically raised eggs, and meats to incorporate the healthiest protein sources (Popović, 2021). While considered safe, it is recommended to consult with a doctor to tailor the diet to your needs.In the following, we will discuss foods that cause inflammation, those that reduce it, and practical tips for adopting an anti-inflammatory diet, including a sample daily menu that can support your health.Foods that Cause InflammationInflammatory foods include:Sweets, cakes, and soda: These foods are not nutrient-dense and can be easily overconsumed, leading to weight gain and elevated blood sugar levels. Sugar triggers inflammation in the body, so it is best to limit foods and drinks with added sugars.Red and processed meats: Meat products like burgers, steaks, bacon, and sausages contain pro-inflammatory saturated fats that can trigger inflammation.Butter, whole milk, and cheese: These foods are rich in saturated fats, so it’s better to choose low-fat products.Fried foods: Oils like corn and soybean oil are rich in omega-6 fatty acids, which can increase inflammation when consumed in excess.Trans fats: Found in packaged foods as "partially hydrogenated oils," trans fats can increase LDL cholesterol and the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.Gluten-containing foods: People with celiac disease or gluten intolerance should avoid wheat, rye, and barley, as gluten can trigger inflammation.Alcohol: Moderate consumption may reduce inflammation, but excessive drinking can have the opposite effect. Consult with your doctor about safe amounts (Brody, 2023).Foods generally considered bad for health, such as sugary sodas, refined carbohydrates, red meat, and processed meats, are also associated with increased inflammation. Although unhealthy food contributes to weight gain, a risk factor for inflammation, studies show that even without obesity, there is a link between certain foods and inflammation. This suggests that food ingredients may have a direct effect on inflammation, independent of calorie intake (Harvard Health Publishing, 2024).Foods that Reduce InflammationAn anti-inflammatory diet should ensure a healthy balance of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in each meal, as well as meet the body’s needs for micronutrients, fiber, and water. Some types of diets may also have anti-inflammatory benefits, including:Mediterranean diet, which has shown to reduce inflammatory markers such as IL-17A and IL-6.Low-carb diets, which can help reduce inflammation in people with obesity.Vegetarian and vegan diets (Spritzler, 2023).To reduce inflammation in the body, it’s important to consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods (Brody, 2023):Fruits and vegetables: Colorful fruits and vegetables, such as leafy green vegetables (spinach, kale), berries, and yellow/orange vegetables, are rich in antioxidants and polyphenols that protect against inflammation.Whole grains: Oats, brown rice, and whole wheat bread are rich in fiber, which can reduce inflammation.Beans: Beans contain fiber, antioxidants, and other substances that reduce inflammation and the risk of disease.Tofu and tempeh: Soy products are rich in polyunsaturated fats, fiber, calcium, and vitamins, and are low in saturated fats, which helps reduce inflammation and lowers the risk of heart disease and diabetes.Nuts and legumes: Nuts like almonds, walnuts, and peanuts contain unsaturated fats and anti-inflammatory vitamins and minerals.Fish: Fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids that have anti-inflammatory properties.Anti-inflammatory spices and herbs such as turmeric, garlic, ginger, rosemary, cinnamon, and cardamom have been proven to help reduce inflammation and alleviate pain (Brody, 2023).Beverages that can help reduce inflammation include green and white tea (which contain polyphenols), coffee (in moderation, rich in antioxidants and caffeine), green smoothies (combining fruits and vegetables), water for hydration (Brody, 2023), and red wine (due to resveratrol, which can have anti-inflammatory properties) (Spritzler, 2023). The following anti-inflammatory "cocktails" are particularly recommended:Baking soda and water;Green juice with parsley and ginger;Lemon and turmeric tonic;Bone broth;Smoothie with functional nutrients, green vegetables, and berries;Matcha tea (Spritzler, 2023).In addition to a healthy diet, it is crucial to adopt healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, quality sleep, stress management, and working with your doctor to control health conditions that may contribute to or worsen inflammation (Brody, 2023).Sample Daily MenuBelow is a sample menu designed to provide nutritional value and support anti-inflammatory eating throughout the day (Spritzler, 2023):Breakfast:3-egg omelet with 1 cup (110 g) mushrooms and 1 cup (67 g) kale, sautéed in olive oil1 cup (225 g) juicy cherriesGreen teaLunch:Grilled salmon served on a mixed green salad, drizzled with olive oil and vinegar1 cup (125 g) raspberries, topped with plain Greek yogurt and sprinkled with chopped pecansUnsweetened iced tea and waterSnack:Bell pepper strips with guacamole dipDinner:Chicken in curry sauce with sweet potatoes, cauliflower, and broccoli1 glass of red wine (5-10 oz or 140–280 mL)30 g dark chocolate (preferably with at least 80% cocoa)ConclusionThe anti-inflammatory diet represents a healthy eating pattern that helps reduce chronic inflammation and decreases the risk of developing serious diseases like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and many others. By carefully selecting foods that naturally reduce inflammation, such as fruits, vegetables, omega-3 rich fish, and herbs, and avoiding inflammatory foods such as refined sugars, red meat, and processed products, we can support health and disease prevention.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek assistance from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferencesPrimeau, N. (2019, October 29). Sliced broccoli and cucumber on plate with gray stainless steel fork near green bell pepper, snowpea, and avocado fruit [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/sliced-broccoli-and-cucumber-on-plate-with-gray-stainless-steel-fork-near-green-bell-pepper-snowpea-and-avocado-fruit-l5Mjl9qH8VUPopović, T. (2021, June 15). Antiinflamatorna ishrana - namirnice koje ublažavaju upale. Totally Wellness. https://totallywellness.rs/blog/antiinflamatorna-ishrana-namirnice-koje-ublazavaju-upale/Brody, B. (2023, September 27). Anti-inflammatory diet: Road to good health. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Jabeen Begum, MD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/anti-inflammatory-diet-road-to-good-healthSpritzler, F. (2023, October 12). Anti-inflammatory diet 101: A simple guide to foods that fight inflammation. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/anti-inflammatory-diet-101Harvard Health Publishing. (2024, March 26). Foods that fight inflammation. Harvard Health. Reviewed by Howard E. LeWine, MD, Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health Publishing; Editorial Advisory Board Member, Harvard Health Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/foods-that-fight-inflammation

The internet has become the primary source of information, and the behavior pattern of relying on search engines to obtain health information has become known as "Dr. Google." The internet has provided easier access to health information that was previously difficult to obtain. However, excessive reliance on the internet to search for health information can become problematic and lead to the development of cyberchondria (Starcevic, 2023). In the digital age, where people are increasingly using the internet for medical information, cyberchondria is being discussed more frequently as a public health issue. Many people, after reading about a condition online, may become convinced that they have it and experience unnecessary fear and stress. This is particularly common when people misinterpret general medical information or come across sensationalized health claims.What is Cyberchondria?Cyberchondria, or compulsively searching for health information, involves excessive and impulsive online searches for health information, which may be motivated by the need to reduce anxiety but often leads to an increase in stress or worry, as well as other negative consequences. This behavior is a significant transdiagnostic disorder closely related to excessive internet use and typically occurs alongside health anxiety, hypochondria, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (Vismara et al., 2020). The term "cyberchondria" entered the lexicon through the media in the early 2000s when internet searches saw a sharp increase (Cohen, 2021).Causes of CyberchondriaThe causes of cyberchondria can be varied, and some of the key factors contributing to the development of cyberchondria include (Grande, 2023):A general tendency to worry (approximately 71% of those with cyberchondria also have generalized anxiety disorder);Past trauma, tragedy, or major life stressors;Chronic, unmanaged stress;A personal or family history of serious illnesses (even if fully recovered), as well as a family history of cyberchondria or illness anxiety disorder;Heightened awareness of bodily sensations;Negative experiences with medical professionals leading to a lack of trust or confidence in doctors;A need for more attention from family or friends;The treatment of cyberchondria is complicated by the fact that about two-thirds of individuals with this disorder are likely to have at least one other psychological disorder. Common co-occurring disorders often found alongside cyberchondria include (Grande, 2023):Somatic symptom disorder;Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD);Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD);Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD);Psychotic conditions;Certain personality disorders (especially borderline and histrionic).Symptoms of CyberchondriaA key characteristic of cyberchondria is that the person compulsively searches for information about their health condition, worrying they have a serious illness, even though symptoms are minimal or completely absent. Symptoms of cyberchondria may include the following (Cohen, 2021; Grande, 2023):Compulsively searching the internet for health information;Worrying about having a serious illness, even when symptoms are minimal or nonexistent;Experiencing increased heart rate, sweating, or other anxiety symptoms while searching;Assuming that everything found online is accurate and truthful;Quickly jumping to the worst conclusions about your health condition;Seeking reassurance from a qualified expert/reliable source;Distrust of doctors whose advice could be obtained in person.When a person has significant and noticeable physical symptoms, the diagnosis of cyberchondria would not be appropriate. In the case of significant symptoms with no known medical cause, the diagnosis would likely be somatic symptom disorder (Grande, 2023).Treatment of CyberchondriaGiven the unclear conceptual status of cyberchondria and its relatively "hidden" nature, approaches to its treatment are still in the early stages of development and research. People with cyberchondria often do not seek help for this condition directly, likely because they do not perceive it as a "disease." Instead, they typically present to medical services with symptoms of hypochondria, anxiety disorders, problematic internet use, or even internet addiction (Starcevic, 2023).The treatment of cyberchondria typically involves working on personal characteristics such as perfectionism and fear of uncertainty, as well as psychological issues like health anxiety and obsessive behaviors. Therapy also focuses on learning how to handle contradictory health information on the internet and responses to anxiety, such as excessive reassurance seeking (Syed, 2024).One successful approach is modified cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) delivered online, which helps patients improve their search skills and understanding of reliable health sources (Ibid). Rational emotive-behavioral therapy has proven useful in learning how to respond to harmless or ambiguous signals from one's own body through distraction techniques. Additionally, certain anxiety medications have been helpful in managing obsessive thoughts related to cyberchondria and illness anxiety disorder (Grande, 2023).*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferecesCohen, A. (Ed.). (2021, October 14). What is a cyberchondriac? Signs that you may be one. Baton Rouge Clinic. https://batonrougeclinic.com/news-education/are-you-a-cyberchondriac/Gouw, T. (2016, February 25). Man wearing white top using MacBook, full focus at a coffee shop [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/man-wearing-white-top-using-macbook-1K9T5YiZ2WUGrande, D. (2023, September 18). Cyberchondria: Signs, symptoms, & treatments. Choosing Therapy. https://www.choosingtherapy.com/cyberchondria/Starcevic, V. (2023). Keeping Dr. Google under control: How to prevent and manage cyberchondria. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 22(2), 233–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21076Syed, S. A. (2024, September 30). Cyberchondria: Searching symptoms and self-diagnosis. News-Medical. Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. Retrieved from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cyberchondira-Searching-Symptoms-and-Self-Diagnosis.aspxVismara, M., Caricasole, V., Starcevic, V., Cinosi, E., Dell'Osso, B., Martinotti, G., & Fineberg, N. A. (2020). Is cyberchondria a new transdiagnostic digital compulsive syndrome? A systematic review of the evidence. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 99, 152167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152167

Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast that most often affects women who are breastfeeding, but it can also occur in women who are not breastfeeding, and even in men. This condition can cause discomfort and pain, and if it isn't treated adequately, it can lead to serious complications. Mastitis is usually divided into lactating, which occurs during breastfeeding, and non-lactating, which may be due to infection or other factors.How does mastitis occur?As we have already mentioned, mastitis is divided into lactating and non-lactating mastitis, and the causes of its occurrence are different.Lactational mastitis most often occurs due to stagnation of milk in the breasts, when the milk duct is blocked, which creates a suitable environment for the development and reproduction of bacteria. This inflammation can affect any woman but is most common in the first 6 months of breastfeeding. The most common cause of bacterial mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus, although other bacteria such as Streptococcus and Escherichia coli may be involved, which enter the milk ducts through cracks in the nipples. Stagnation of milk can be the result of improper emptying of the breasts, irregular breastfeeding, or poor breastfeeding technique, regarding the baby's poor grip on the breast.When it comes to non-lactational mastitis, it can be caused by trauma to the breast, a puncture of the skin, for example, due to a piercing, or the presence of cysts and abscesses. In postmenopausal women, mastitis can occur due to changes in the milk ducts, which creates conditions for the development of inflammation.Symptoms of mastitisSymptoms of mastitis usually include pain and tenderness in the affected area of ​​the breast and redness and swelling. However, elevated body temperature and fever, fatigue, and general weakness, as well as hard or tender lumps in the breast may also occur.In bacterial mastitis, the symptoms are much more pronounced and progress very quickly, while in the non-lactating form, the symptoms can be milder and develop gradually.Diagnosis and treatment of mastitisThe diagnosis of mastitis is based on history, clinical examination, and laboratory analyses. The doctor usually takes a swab from the milk to identify the bacteria present and determine which antibiotics to take. In cases where an abscess is suspected, a breast ultrasound is useful to confirm the diagnosis itself.Treatment of mastitis depends on the cause and severity of the condition. In non-infectious mastitis, the application of warm compresses, breast massage, and more frequent breastfeeding or milk expression can help relieve symptoms. In case of bacterial infection, antibiotics are used, usually from the group of penicillins or cephalosporins. In more severe cases, when an abscess forms drainage may be necessary. Also, it's important to ensure enough rest and hydration so that the body can fight the infection as successfully as possible.Prevention of mastitisPrevention of mastitis includes proper breastfeeding technique, avoiding breast overfilling, and quick response to the first signs of milk stagnation. Changing breastfeeding positions regularly and avoiding long breaks between feeds can also reduce the risk of developing this condition. A very practical thing for new mothers in the first days of breastfeeding is the false, artificial nipples made of silicone, which help mother and baby to make breastfeeding as comfortable as possible for both.Mastitis is a common problem in breastfeeding mothers, but it can also occur in other circumstances. Early recognition of symptoms and adequate treatment are key to preventing complications. Education about proper breast care and breastfeeding techniques, as well as different aids and pumps, plays an important role in preventing this condition.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/breastfeeding-newborn-baby-mother-2090396/ReferencesCleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Mastitis. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15613-mastitisNational Health Service (NHS). (n.d.). Mastitis. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mastitis/

Gonorrhea is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, caused by the gonococcal bacterium, in Latin Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and it's one of the oldest sexually transmitted diseases known to man and medicine. It's popularly known by names such as "tripper".This bacterium is transmitted during unprotected vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse with an infected partner, and primarily infects the mucous membrane of the genital organs, rectum, and throat. Although the infection can be effectively treated with antibiotics, untreated gonorrhea can cause serious complications and long-term health problems.According to the World Health Organization, more than 80 million new cases of gonorrhea are recorded worldwide each year in persons between 15 and 49 years. The largest number of sufferers are young people, usually those aged 15 to 24, which can be linked to risky sexual behavior, lack of information about protection, and limited access to health services.SymptomsSymptoms of gonorrhea depend on gender and place of infection and appear from 2 to 30 days after contact with an infected person. Also, in most cases, gonorrhea is asymptomatic or is accompanied by very mild symptoms, especially in the female population.In men, the most common symptoms include burning when urinating, increased white or yellowish discharge from the urethra, pain during erection, and sometimes pain or swelling in the testicles. Because of the secretions that are characteristic of this sexually transmitted disease, gonorrhea got the name "dropper". If gonorrhea isn't adequately treated, the disease progresses, the pain in the urethra becomes stronger and more unpleasant, and the discharge becomes more abundant and thicker.On the other hand, in women symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that can be whitish, yellow, or greenish with a very unpleasant smell, frequent urination accompanied by pain or burning feel, bleeding between cycles, and pain in the lower abdomen. And it's characteristic that it affects the cervix and other reproductive organs in women, and the urethra in men.An infection of the rectum can cause itching, discharge, and pain, while gonorrhea in the throat is often asymptomatic, which makes diagnosis difficult. Because symptoms can be mild or unnoticeable, many people remain unaware of the infection and unwittingly pass it on to their partners during unprotected sex.Diagnosis and treatmentGonorrhea is usually diagnosed by laboratory analysis of urine samples, and swabs from the genitals, rectum, or throat, and treatment for gonorrhea involves the use of antibiotics. Therapy begins with an intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone in combination with azithromycin, which also helps in the treatment of a possible simultaneous infection with chlamydia. However, in recent years the increasing resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics has become a significant global problem, which is why more and more investments are being made in the research of new therapeutic options.Possible complicationsNeglecting gonorrhea can lead to serious complications. In women, the infection can spread to the upper genital organs, which can lead to pelvic inflammation, which can result in infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pain. In men, gonorrhea can cause epididymitis, which can also affect fertility. In addition to reproductive complications, gonorrhea can cause disseminated gonococcal infection, a rare but very serious condition that presents with joint pain and a rash.Based on all of the above, we come to the key measure for preventing infection with this bacteria, which is prevention. Prevention is based on education about safe, protected sex, including the correct use of condoms, regular testing for sexually transmitted infections, and open communication with sexual partners. Since many cases of gonorrhea can be asymptomatic, regular testing is key to early detection and treatment.Public health also has a variety of strategies that include raising awareness through educational campaigns, providing access to health services, and developing new therapeutic options. Vaccines against gonorrhea are still in the research phase, but progress in this area may contribute significantly to controlling the spread of the infection in the future.Gonorrhea remains a significant global health problem today, particularly due to the rise of antibiotic resistance. Early detection, adequate treatment, and safe sex are key to controlling the spread of this infection. Education and access to health care, along with ongoing research into new therapeutic options and proper prevention play a key role in the fight against gonorrhea.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/pink-bacteria-illustration-nwVHmuVpFTsReferenceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Gonorrhea - CDC fact sheet (detailed). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved February 20, 2025, from https://www.cdc.gov/gonorrhea/about/index.htmlWorld Health Organization. (2022). Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2022–2030. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052390World Health Organization. (n.d.). Gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection). Preuzeto 19, februara 2025, sa https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gonorrhoea-(neisseria-gonorrhoeae-infection)

Retinol is a derivative of vitamin A and one of the most popular ingredients in the cosmetic industry thanks to its abilities. It's used for skin care because it affects the improvement of skin texture, reduces fine lines and wrinkles, contributes to the evenness of the complexion, and also gives excellent results in the treatment of acne. Its application in skin care dates back to the 1970s when it was originally used to treat acne, but additional research has shown that it also has a significant anti-aging effect.Retinol works by converting into retinoic acid in the skin itself, which affects cellular metabolism. It stimulates the renewal of epidermal cells and increases the production of collagen in the dermis, which contributes to skin tightening and the reduction of wrinkles. In addition, retinol helps regulate sebum production, which makes it effective in fighting acne.There are certain forms that can be bought without a prescription, that is regular shops, and there are higher concentrations that can only be prescribed by your chosen doctor. It can be found on the market in different forms, in the form of cream, serum, gel, lotion, and ointment.Benefits of using retinolThe benefits of using retinol creams and serums are many, and one of the most important benefits is its ability to improve skin texture. Regular use leads to smoothing and reduction of fine lines and wrinkles, improvement of skin elasticity, and reduction of hyperpigmentation. Retinol also helps to unclog pores, which contributes to the reduction of already existing acne and the prevention of their formation.In addition to anti-aging effects, retinol also contributes to the evenness of the complexion, as it reduces dark spots and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. This makes it ideal for people who struggle with acne scars or pigmentation, apropos spots caused by sun radiation.Use of retinolIntroducing retinol into your daily skincare routine requires a gradual approach. It's recommended to test it on a specific part of the skin before use, and if there is no irritation, you can start using it with lower concentrations, from 0.1% to 0.3%, and use it two to three times a week. Over time, the frequency should be gradually increased in relation to how the skin adapts. It's recommended that retinol be applied in the evening, on a previously cleansed face, before moisturizing cream.When you start using it, it may take a few weeks before you start to notice the results of retinol, and your skin may even look worse, but it's definitely an ongoing process, so try not to get discouraged and give your skin time to get used to it.When using products containing retinol, it's necessary to use creams with a protective factor during the day, because retinol can increase the skin's sensitivity to the sun. It's also important to avoid combining retinol with other potentially irritating ingredients, such as vitamin C AHA, and BHA acids. These acids have an exfoliating effect and their combination with retinol will cause additional irritation. What is recommended for combined use are serums with hyaluronic acid and ceramides, which are good for hydration.Side effects and risksAlthough retinol is very effective, its use can cause temporary side effects, such as redness, dryness, and flaking of the skin. These reactions are usually passable and can be alleviated by hydration and gradual introduction of the product.Pregnant and lactating women are not recommended to use retinol, because high doses of vitamin A can be harmful and risky for the fetus. Before using retinol, especially for people with sensitive skin or dermatological problems, a consultation with a dermatologist is advised.Retinol is a powerful ally in skin care, with numerous benefits, including improving texture, reducing wrinkles, regulating sebum, and evening out the complexion. Correct and regular use can bring excellent results but with mandatory observance of precautions and gradual introduction into the routine. By using retinol in combination with moisturizer and sun protection, it's possible to achieve healthier, smoother, and brighter skin.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-with-a-white-spot-on-her-face-YG1ZAl9Sb20ReferencesCleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Retinol. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/23293-retinolCaporuscio, J. (2023, September 28). What is retinol? Benefits, side effects, and how to use it. Health. https://www.health.com/retinol-benefits-7152524

The brain is responsible for regulating vital activity in the body which keeps us alive like breathing, heart pumping blood, and consciousness. The brain is continuously working, even during sleep, and uses up a lot of energy to function and regulate these functions. The brain requires a lot of “fuel”, which it gets in the form of the food the person consumes, the specifications and nutritional value of this food will logically affect the functioning of the brain and thus mental health as well as quality of life. The food we eat is directly related to neural structure and functioning.The brain is very demanding when it comes to food usage or rather calories. Even though the brain accounts for only 2% of a person’s body mass it uses 20 – 30% of the energy consumed through the day.The human brain requires carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals for proper functioning. A diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants can protect the brain from oxidative stress, “waste” created by the body’s use of oxygen that can cause various forms of tissue or cell damage.Many studies have shown that a diet rich in sugar is damaging to the functioning of the brain. A high amount of sugar can overwhelm the pancreas and induce insulin resistance. This damages the body’s ability to regulate insulin and can promote inflammation and oxidative stress. These high amounts of sugar paired with a compensatory insulin response stimulate the secretion of cortisol and glucagon. These neurotransmitters increase feelings of anxiety, irritability, and hunger. This process is connected to worsening symptoms in disorders like anxiety disorders and depression. Studies have shown that deficiencies in certain nutrients like cobalamin, folate, and zinc are connected to symptoms of dementia, cognitive decline, and irritability.Overeating as well as food insecurity can both be connected to mood and anxiety disorders.Serotonin, a neurotransmitter that regulates sleep, emotions, and appetite and inhibits pain, is produced 95% in the gut. This speaks to the close connection between the health of the digestive system and gut microbiome, these key functions, and their further effects on the body and its health.Today, influenced by studies such as these regarding the connection between the brain and diet, a new field of nutritive psychiatry is forming. The impact of food on the gut microbiome which further has effects on the brain and mental health, nutritive psychiatry explores this connection and the ways in which it affects feelings, behavior, and mood.In the same way that diet can lead to changes in mental health, the opposite applies as well. This can create a vicious cycle of worsening both diet mental health and mood.Not eating a lot of highly processed foods is key to a healthy diet in general. Experts suggest that people should try and pay more attention to the way they feel when eating something, or in the next few hours and the next day. They also suggest removing processed foods and sugar for at least two to three weeks as a sort of experiment, so that the person can see how they feel when these foods are removed. After this, they can gradually be brought back into the diet so that one can pay close attention to the ways it affects them. Many people try this and are in shock when seeing the difference and the impact of food both physically and emotionally. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer  *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-sliced-watermelon-QDq3YliZg48Diet and mental health. (n.d.). Mental Health Foundation. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/diet-and-mental-healthNews-Medical. (2022, February 8). The effect of diet on mental health. https://www.news-medical.net/health/The-Effect-of-Diet-on-Mental-Health.aspxSuárez-López, L. M., Bru-Luna, L. M., & Martí-Vilar, M. (2023). Influence of Nutrition on Mental Health: Scoping review. Healthcare, 11(15), 2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11152183Selhub, E., MD. (2022, September 18). Nutritional psychiatry: Your brain on food. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/nutritional-psychiatry-your-brain-on-food-201511168626

Leg and lower-body workouts are a key part of a well-balanced fitness program which helps the development of strength and stability. Leg day is for many the most challenging part of their training routine, often filled with the most difficult and tedious exercises. It is common that this day is the most hated day for exercisers and that the muscle soreness and difficulties in walking that can follow leg day are treacherous for many.Maybe the most obvious reason you shouldn’t skip leg day is that not raining legs can lead to an unbalanced and incorrectly structured body. Proportions and aesthetics are important to a lot of people who work out and having a discrepancy between the upper and lower body isn’t commonly considered attractive.Some of the largest muscle groups are in the lower body, the quadriceps, glutes, and hamstrings. Studies have shown that intense, heavy-weight, training of these large muscle groups in the lower body is one of the best ways to increase the secretion of testosterone and growth hormone, which are both key for increasing muscle mass.Besides this, exercises that include large muscle groups like these also demand more energy, which makes the body burn more calories to complete these movements. The muscles recover but also adapt to the stress they are exposed to, becoming bigger and stronger in expectation of more of this stress.Increasing strength in the lower body also leads to increased stability which further affects performance in other exercises. The upper body and the exercises that encompass it are also affected by general bodily stability and strength, this leads to better performance in exercises no matter if they are conducted while standing, sitting, or lying down. Increases in stability also contribute to the prevention of injury and can help with lower back pain.Leg workouts can be done in many ways. Different routines and training programs can be useful for different people and situations. Have this in mind when creating your program and choosing whether to do a “push-pull legs” split, an upper, lower split, or something else.When should you skip leg day?As with many things, there exist exceptions to the rule, increased stress can lead to inadequate recovery or even injury sometimes.If you are feeling very tired, if you have very painful muscle soreness, or are sick, the better choice is probably to skip your workout and focus on recovery.It is necessary to listen to your body and understand when it is ready for intense activity and when it isn’t. This will not only prevent further injury or immune system difficulties but will also lead to better results in the long run.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/adult-gym-athlete-dark-energy-1850925/CSCS, T. T. (2023, November 9). Why “Don’t skip leg Day” is the first gym commandment. Men’s Health. https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a45791083/never-skip-leg-day/Ip, K., Kusyk, N., Stephen, I. D., & Brooks, K. R. (2023). Did you skip leg day? The neural mechanisms of muscle perception for body parts. Cortex, 171, 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.006Jakobsson, J., Theos, A., & Malm, C. (2021). Effects of Different Types of Lower Body Resistance Exercise on Upper-body Strength in Men and Women, with Special Reference to Anabolic Hormones. International Journal of Exercise Science, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.70252/dyrh9028

Electromuscular stimulation (EMS) is becoming an increasingly popular aesthetic treatment, as it provides effective results in body shaping, cellulite reduction, and muscle toning. This treatment uses electrical impulses that cause muscle contraction, which simulates physical activity and contributes to improving body shape. In recent years, EMS has found wide application in beauty salons and wellness centers, although it was primarily created for physiotherapy purposes.In order to be sure that this treatment is for us, we should first understand how it works as an aesthetic treatment, but also consider its advantages, method of application, and contraindications.What is electrical muscle stimulation?Electrical muscle stimulation is a technology that uses electrical impulses to stimulate muscles, causing them to contract. These impulses are transmitted through electrodes that are placed on the skin above the part of the muscle being treated. The treatment is based on the principle of stimulating the muscles with electrical signals, in order to provide a similar effect as physical exercise, but without the need for effort. Electrostimulation is used for a variety of purposes, including improving muscle tone, reducing cellulite, shaping certain body parts, and for therapeutic purposes, such as muscle rehabilitation after injury.Benefits of electrostimulation of muscles in aestheticsEMS treatments can have numerous benefits when it comes to aesthetic goals. One of the main advantages is shaping certain parts of the body. Electrostimulation helps to tone the muscles, which can result in visible skin tightening and a reduction in sagging. By using the EMS device on certain areas of the body, such as the abdomen, thighs, and buttocks, it's possible to achieve a smaller volume or improved body contours. Although EMS isn't a substitute for physical activity, it can be a useful addition to a daily exercise routine, helping to maintain muscle tone and accelerate the results that would be obtained from exercise.In addition, EMS treatments are often used to reduce cellulite. Electrostimulation improves circulation, which enables a better supply of nutrients and oxygen to the skin. This can contribute to the reduction of the irregular structure of the skin in cellulite because the lymphatic drainage is improved, which reduces the retention of fluids and toxins in the body. EMS treatments can also improve skin elasticity, resulting in a smoother and better overall skin appearance. For those who want to achieve quick aesthetic results, EMS can be effective in combination with a healthy diet and physical activity.One of the main advantages of EMS is that the treatment doesn't require any effort from the user. Muscles are stimulated with electrical impulses, which allows users to achieve results without the need for intensive training and physical effort, which is ideal for people with less free time or physical limitations. Also, the treatment is relatively quick and non-invasive, with minimal recovery time, which makes it extremely attractive to many users who want quick results.How does muscle electrostimulation work?The electrical impulses used by the EMS device are similar to those naturally sent into our body by the human nervous system during physical activity. When an electrical impulse is applied to the muscles, it causes them to contract. The higher the pulse intensity, the stronger the contractions. The intensity can be adjusted according to the user's needs, so it's possible to apply the treatment to different parts of the body with different goals: relaxation, shaping, tightening, or improving muscle mass. For example, in body contouring treatments, electrodes are placed on the areas to be treated, and the device emits low-frequency pulses that cause mild muscle contractions. During the treatment, users usually sit or lie down, and the treatment lasts between 20 and 40 minutes. There are several variations of EMS treatments, including low-frequency and high-frequency pulsed treatments, used for different aesthetic goals.Safety and contraindicationsElectrical muscle stimulation treatments are generally safe when administered by a professional and following instructions. However, there are certain contraindications. EMS is not recommended for people with heart problems, a pacemaker, pregnant women, or those with epilepsy. Also, people with serious skin diseases or infections should avoid this treatment. As with any other aesthetic treatment, it's very important to consult with an expert before deciding on an EMS treatment to ensure that it's safe for you and will give you the results you desire.Electrical muscle stimulation is an effective and popular aesthetic treatment that offers numerous benefits, including body shaping, cellulite reduction, and muscle toning. Although not a substitute for physical activity, EMS can be a useful treatment in achieving desired aesthetic goals, especially when combined with healthy lifestyle habits. With proper application by experts and supervisors, electrostimulation of muscles is a safe and effective treatment for many, and in the future, we can expect that its application will be more frequent for aesthetic purposes, offering effective and non-invasive options for improving the appearance of the body.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://www.pexels.com/photo/chiropractor-with-patient-14797758/ReferencesVranis, N. M., Ghavami, A., Rohrich, R. J., & Theodorou, S. (2024). Radiofrequency and Electrical Muscle Stimulation: A Synergistic Treatment That Achieves Lipolysis and Circumferential Waist Reduction in Noninvasive Body Contouring. Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum, 6, ojae042. https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojae042Peluker. (2024, July 3). Electrostimulation in aesthetics: Everything you need to know. https://www.peluker.com/blog/2024/07/03/electrostimulation-in-aesthetics-everything-you-need-to-know/#:~:text=Electrostimulation%20is%20a%20very%20effective,relief%20of%20contractures%20and%20pain

What is sugar?Sugar is a carbohydrate which, like other carbohydrates, is a source of energy in the food we eat. Sugar as a term encompasses all sweet carbohydrates, but most often refers to sucrose, or rather table, or granular sugar. The human body turns sucrose into fructose and glucose, which are forms of simple sugars that can be found in nature, mainly in fruit but also in vegetables, dairy products and grains. Fruit is, of course, other than being rich in natural sugars also rich in fiber, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and other healthy nutrients. Sugar can be found in many different forms like white sugar, brown sugar, honey, syrups and others.Sugar is full of calories, and thus energy consuming natural sugar which can be found in fruit, vegetables, dairy and grains is all right. The body digests these foods slowly, which means that cells are getting a steady supply of energy, these foods also contain multitudes of other healthy nutrients. The problem arises when too much added sugar is consumed, this is sugar which is artificially added to products by the manufacturers to improve the taste and lengthen the shell life of the food.Human addiction to sugar makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. This source of energy which causes dopamine secretion in the brain was primarily found in fruit, which was necessary for survival, so it makes sense that humans evolved to want as much sugar as possible. Modern technology allows us to have access to unlimited amounts of concentrated and isolated sugar which brings with it numerous health problems.Clinical, epidemiological studies have shown that people who consume larger amounts of added sugar, especially sugary drinks, will have higher risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.Sugar affects cardiovascular health in many ways. Studies show that a high intake of sugar leads to increased LDL (bad) and decreased HDL (good) cholesterol levels. LDL cholesterol can promote the creation of artery blockage. Diet rich in sugar can also affect cardiovascular health by increasing levels of triglycerides, blood pressure and inflammation. Large amounts of sugar in diet can also lead to a significant gain in weight which can further increase risk of diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.Sugar can also have significantly negative effects on teeth, joints, skin, the liver, pancreas, kidneys, and mood. How to lower sugar intake?Lessening sugar intake in diet can be challenging but practical advice exists which can help with lessening sugar intake over the long run. Other than the obvious sources of added sugar like desserts and sweets, it can be found in numerous other products you wouldn’t think of like: ketchup and similar sauces, protein bars, sports drinks, cereal and muesli, dried and canned fruit, and others.Some practical tips for lessening sugar intake in diet include:-   Reading packages, reading labels and food packages can help you understand what you are consuming, and in what amount. This habit can help you make better informed decisions about health.-   Using fruit, nuts, honey, cinnamon, and alike in food as to limit the intake of unnecessary added sugar.-   Carefully choose drinks, sweetened drinks are among the main ways people consume excessive amounts of added sugar. Try lessening the intake of sweetened drinks and switch them out for something else.-   Limit portions, it is okay to eat something sweet sometimes, limiting portion sizes will ensure that you don’t get carried away and eat more than you originally wanted to.-   Limit the intake of ultra processed foods, this is generally good for health and ultra processed foods often contain a lot of added sugar.-   Change dessert choices, fruit can often satisfy the craving for sweets along with the other health benefits it provides.-   A balanced diet can help reduce cravings for sugar, which often has the role of a short-term intake of energy.Limiting sugar consumption often leads to less sugar cravings and finding the amounts of sugar previously acceptable too sweet and intense.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/white-sugar-cube-forming-lines-VoQ4kqDSFxgClinic, C. (2025, February 11). Is sugar bad for your heart? Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/is-sugar-bad-for-your-heartGillespie, K. M., Kemps, E., White, M. J., & Bartlett, S. E. (2023). The Impact of Free Sugar On Human Health—A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15(4), 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040889Rdn, A. W. (2024, April 15). The not-so-sweet truth of added sugars. Mayo Clinic Health System. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/the-not-so-sweet-truth-of-added-sugarsWitek, K., Wydra, K., & Filip, M. (2022). A High-Sugar Diet Consumption, Metabolism and Health Impacts with a Focus on the Development of Substance Use Disorder: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 14(14), 2940. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142940

The development of a proper jaw and bite in babies is crucial for their oral health, speech, and chewing function. Factors such as genetics, feeding style, and the use of pacifiers and bottles can have a major impact on jaw formation. Recognizing and adapting the correct habits in time can help prevent orthodontic problems later in life.The influence of breastfeeding on the development of the jawBreastfeeding plays an important role in the development of facial muscles and proper bite. During breastfeeding, the baby uses complex muscle movements, which encourage the proper development of the upper and lower jaw. Studies show that breastfeeding reduces the risk of malocclusion and contributes to proper growth and development of the palate. In addition, breastfeeding helps form stronger lip and tongue muscles, which can later contribute to proper speech development.The role of pacifiers and bottles in jaw developmentIn the first months of life, the way babies drink milk can also affect their oral development. Babies have a natural sucking reflex that allows them to be fed and soothed. Breastfeeding is a natural stimulus for the proper development of the jaw and facial muscles, as it requires more muscle engagement than bottle feeding. When a baby sucks from a bottle, he often uses a different sucking technique, which can lead to: less development of facial and tongue muscles and an increased risk of malocclusion (improper bite). In addition, long-term use of bottles can lead to "bottle cavities", especially if the bottle is used at night or contains sweetened beverages.Although pacifiers and bottles can be very useful, their long-term use can lead to jaw and bite problems, and possible problems include:Open bite – the front (upper and lower) teeth do not come into contact when they are in the closed position, which can make chewing and speaking difficult.Crossbite - the lower and upper jaw are not properly aligned, which can cause functional problems, for example when chewing.High palate - irregular palate structure can affect breathing and speech.Because of these and many other problems, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends limiting the use of pacifiers and bottles after six months to reduce the risk of orthodontic complications.PreventionIn order to ensure proper jaw and bite development in babies, parents are advised to take the following steps if possible:Encouraging breastfeeding - breastfeeding until at least the sixth month can contribute to the proper development of the baby's oral structures.Use of anatomically shaped pacifiers and bottles - pay attention when choosing pacifiers and bottles, because these options have less impact on the natural development of the jaw.Limit the use of pacifiers - ideally, stop using pacifiers by 12 months to prevent orthodontic problems.Transition to solid food at an appropriate period - transition to solid food at a certain period and not prolong breastfeeding or using bottles, because chewing food with different textures encourages the development of the jaw and facial muscles.Visit the dentist on time - the first examination by a child's dentist is recommended around the first year of life in order to monitor proper oral development.The conclusion is that pacifiers and bottles, in addition to their advantages, can also have a negative impact on the development of the jaw and bite if they are used for too long or incorrectly. Correct oral habits at an early age can significantly reduce the risk of orthodontic problems in the future, which is why parental awareness and adherence to expert recommendations are key to healthy jaw and bite development in babies.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/clear-pacifier-on-white-textile-pGIVYCg7WnsReferencesNeiva, F. C., Cattoni, D. M., Ramos, J. L., & Issler, H. (2003). Consequences of bottle-feeding to the oral facial development of initially breastfed children. Journal of Pediatrics (Rio J.), 79(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.2223/JPED.961 Senthilkumar, G. P., Pandiar, D., Kumar, H., Anand, L., & Shameena, P. M. (2021). COVID-19: Overview, evolving therapeutic strategies, and nanotechnology-based therapeutics. Medicine in Drug Discovery, 10, 100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100086Kids Pediatric Dentistry. (n.d.). Your child’s teeth: Bottles, pacifiers, and thumb sucking. Preuzeto 12, februara 2025, sa https://kidspv.com/blog/your-childs-teeth-bottles-pacifiers-and-thumb-sucking/

Pain in the testicles during sexual intercourse can be a very unpleasant and disturbing symptom that affects not only sexual health but also sexual intercourse itself. There are many potential causes of this pain, including medical conditions, physical injuries, or infections. That is why a visit to the doctor is necessary in order to understand the cause, find an adequate solution to alleviate or stop the pain, and improve the quality of sexual life.Possible causes of pain in the testicles during sexual intercourseThere are different causes of testicular pain, and these are some of the most common:1. Fullness of testiclesOne of the most common reasons for pain in the testicles is the overcrowding of blood vessels due to sexual excitement, also known by the term blue balls. This phenomenon occurs when there's prolonged sexual excitement without ejaculation, which can cause discomfort and pain.2. Infections and inflammationsInfections such as epididymitis and orchitis (inflammation of the testicles) can cause pain during or after sex. These infections are often caused by bacteria, including those that cause sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea. Symptoms that occur with these infections include redness, swelling, pain, and increased sensitivity of the testicles.3. VaricoceleA varicocele represents enlarged testicular veins, a venous plexus that drains blood from the testicles into the systemic circulation. In most cases, it occurs on the left testicle due to the anatomy of the blood vessels, and this phenomenon can affect fertility and cause discomfort that worsens with prolonged standing or physical exertion. Varicocele has symptoms such as enlargement of the testicle, swelling of an irregular bumpy shape, and feeling of heaviness and pain, especially after sexual activity.4. Testicular torsionTesticular torsion is a medical emergency in which the testicle twists around its longitudinal axis, cutting off blood flow. During rotation, the spermatic cord twists, through which blood is brought to the scrotum. This phenomenon can cause sudden and intense pain during intercourse, as well as swelling, nausea, dizziness, and fever. Torsion usually occurs in boys between the ages of 12 and 16 but can occur at any age. Immediate medical intervention is necessary to prevent permanent testicular damage.5. Injuries and pressure on the testiclesPhysical pressure during intercourse, including certain sexual positions, intense movements, inappropriate condom size, or inappropriate use of toys can lead to pain in the testicles. Testicular injuries can also cause temporary or long-term discomfort.6. ProstatitisInflammation of the prostate or prostatitis can often cause pain in the testicles, especially during or after ejaculation. This inflammation can be caused by a decline in immunity, bacterial infections, or chronic irritations, and besides pain, it's also accompanied by symptoms such as burning during urination and temperature, it's necessary to visit a urologist.If pain in the testicles becomes frequent or intense, it's necessary to see a doctor to diagnose the cause of the pain, and the examination may include:Physical examination and evaluation of symptoms, ultrasound of the testicles to identify torsion, varicocele, or other abnormalities, as well as laboratory tests to detect infections.The treatment itself depends on the diagnosis of the cause of the pain. For example, infections are treated with antibiotics, while testicular torsion requires surgery, and in the case of fullness of testicles, the pain usually goes away on its own after ejaculation.Because of the various possibilities of the cause of pain, prevention is the key solution, and we can achieve it by practicing safe sex to reduce the risk of infections. Avoiding intense movements or uncomfortable positions that can cause pressure on the testicles, as well as regular examinations by a urologist for early detection of potential problems. In addition to the above, maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle reduces the risk of inflammation and vascular problems.Pain in the testicles during intercourse can be caused by a variety of factors, from harmless physiological reactions to serious medical conditions. Recognizing the symptoms and consulting a doctor in time can help diagnose the cause and apply adequate treatment. If the pain is repeated or becomes intense, it's necessary to consult a specialist in order to prevent more serious complications.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/testicles-testicular-cancer-2790218/ReferencesNational Health Service. (n.d.). Testicle pain. NHS. Preuzeto 12, februara 2025, sa https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/testicle-pain/Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Testicular pain: Symptoms & causes. Cleveland Clinic. Preuzeto 12, februara 2025, sa https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/16292-testicular-painHealthline. (n.d.). Blue balls: Is it real, and what can you do about it? Preuzeto 12, februara 2025, sa https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/blue-balls

Bulimia (bulimia nervosa) is an eating disorder that is characterized by patterns of binge eating followed by compensatory behavior, most often purging which consists of induced vomiting or the use of laxatives. Bulimia, much like anorexia, is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with controlling body weight, focusing on diet, restricted food intake, and the alike. A timely diagnosis is key for efficient treatment because of the multitude of health complications that can arise.Bulimia, like anorexia, is more often found in women than in men and most often appears in the adolescent period. Specific causes of bulimia haven’t been determined but it is suspected that, as with many mental disorders, it is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Patterns of bulimia can appear together with those of anorexia (link), restricted eating followed by binge eating and purging. The most common comorbid disorders are major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder.Symptoms:Symptoms of binge eating include consuming a very large amount of food in a specific time frame, eating fast, eating until it is uncomfortable, eating alone because of feelings of shame, a strong sense of shame associated with food, often going on strict diets sometimes without success in weight loss.Symptoms of compensatory behavior in bulimia include:- Purging – induced vomiting or using laxatives to make sure the food moves faster through the body.- Excessive exercise- Fasting - a period of extremely restrictive eating following a period of binging.With time bulimia can cause multiple other health complications because of the specific physical aspects of this mental disorder. Some of them are:- Chronic throat inflammation- Swollen salivary glands in the neck and jaw- Worn tooth enamel, decaying teeth, caused by frequent exposure of the teeth to stomach acid- Heartburn and other gastrointestinal problems- Dehydration caused by purging- Disbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can even lead to a stroke or heart attack Treatment:The primary goal of treatment is to stop binge eating and compensatory behaviors.Nutritional rehabilitation is central to the process of recovering from this disorder. Psychotherapy has a significant role in understanding and changing negative thoughts, and emotional and behavioral patterns, as with patients and so with their families and ones closest to them. Specific forms of psychotherapy will depend on the specific case. Medicaments such as specific antidepressants can be used to regulate some symptoms of bulimia without regard for the presence of depression. They should be used in combination with psychotherapy. If the symptoms are extreme and other health complications exist, hospitalization might be necessary. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/flat-lay-photography-of-stem-glasses-saucers-plate-and-bread-and-butter-knives-NcFBGQBiRDoJain, A., & Yilanli, M. (2023, July 31). Bulimia nervosa. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562178/ICD-10 version:2019. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#F50.8National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Eating disorders. https://medlineplus.gov/eatingdisorders.htmlPatel, R. S., Olten, B., Patel, P., Shah, K., & Mansuri, Z. (2018). Hospitalization Outcomes and comorbidities of bulimia nervosa: a nationwide inpatient study. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2583

Silicone vacuum cups for facial massage are becoming an increasingly popular technique in aesthetic and dermatological skin care. These cups use the principle of negative pressure, or vacuum to stimulate the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which improves circulation, increases skin elasticity, and reduces signs of aging. Scientific research indicates that vacuum massage can bring multiple benefits, including improving skin tone, improving lymphatic drainage, and stimulating collagen production.How do silicone vacuum cups work?Silicone vacuum cups work by creating negative pressure on the surface of the skin, resulting in a slight lifting of the tissue. This effect improves microcirculation and promotes the flow of oxygen and other nutrients to the skin. Also, vacuum stimulation helps to eliminate toxins and excess fluid, which contributes to reducing swelling and improving the overall appearance of the skin.Benefits of silicone vacuum cups in facial skincareOne of the main benefits of using silicone vacuum cups is improved blood circulation. When this type of treatment is used on skin the capillaries dilate and allow a greater flow of oxygen-rich blood. It contributes to a brighter complexion and better nutrition of skin cells.The key proteins responsible for the elasticity and firmness of the skin are collagen and elastin. Vacuum massage affects the stimulation of fibroblasts, and therefore increases the production of these proteins, which results in smooth and firm skin.Vacuum massage using silicone cups has a significant effect on the lymphatic system. Lymph vessels play a key role in removing toxins from the body and the vacuum helps speed up this process, which can reduce dark circles and facial puffiness.Regular use of silicone vacuum cups can also contribute to the reduction of wrinkles and fine lines on the skin of the face. Improved circulation and increased collagen production with the vacuum help fill in wrinkles and keep skin looking youthful.Potential risks and contraindicationsAlthough vacuum massage has many benefits, it's not suitable for everyone. People with sensitive skin or skin problems like rosacea or a tendency to bruise should be very careful. Improper use of the vacuum and excessive negative pressure can cause irritation or worsen existing skin conditions. Also, it isn't recommended for people who have active acne or other inflammatory processes, because inflammation may worsen.Silicone vacuum cups for facial massage are a very effective method in skin care, thanks to their ability to improve circulation, stimulate the production of collagen and elastin, and accelerate lymphatic drainage. Regular application of this technique can contribute to a healthier, younger, and fresher appearance of the skin. However, it's important to consult an expert before starting the treatment, if we have any skin problems, in order to avoid possible contraindications and ensure optimal results.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/young-woman-using-face-treatment-her-client_16301285.htm#fromView=search&page=1&position=20&uuid=c4b13b09-cc06-4635-8d00-e87036a52dfb&query=face+massage+vacuumReferencesHealthline. (n.d.). Facial cupping: Benefits, side effects, and how to try it. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/facial-cuppingHealtyTips. (2023, decembar 15). How to use vacuum cups for face massage [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exp5TJ6iKmk

The way you treat your body after a workout can determine the way your body and muscles behave in response to the stress they’ve been put under.After an intense workout, the body requires a period of recovery, it uses muscles and pushes itself. Adequate recovery will lead to the improvement of performance and strength, while bad recovery and extensive stress can lead to higher risks of injury. It is common for good recovery to sometimes seem more difficult than the workout itself, but if the goal is progress, it is necessary to factor in the process of recovery into your workout regime.Strenuous physical stress, which can often be caused by intense exercise can lead to the exhaustion of glycogen reserves in the body which can in turn lead to muscle strain and feeling tired. Adequate rest and avoiding further stress are only one part of the process of recovery.1. A healthy, well-balanced, high-quality meal that contains protein and carbohydrates can speed up the process of muscle recovery. Even though the infamous anabolic window is still discussed, this is a time frame of around one hour after working out and some experts suggest that it is best to consume high amounts of protein for best progress and recovery. Studies suggest that eating soon after a workout, around 20 minutes after, can be significant for recovering energy levels. Having a healthy and well-balanced diet that is rich in protein will allow the muscles a healthy rebuilding process of that which has been damaged in the process of exercising. You can read more about what to eat before and after exercising here (link).2. Stretching after working out can significantly help in releasing the built-up muscle tension. Stretching for only 10 minutes after a workout can help reduce problems with muscle strain and the risk of future injury. Stretching has many other benefits which you can read more about here (link).3. Hydration after a workout is very important, the body sweats and spends water reserves. Dehydration can lead to muscle cramps, exhaustion, headaches, and bad physical performance. Sweat also uses up electrolyte reserves in the body, which can also lead to cramps, sports drinks can help with the quick replenishment of electrolytes. Compensating for the lost water can mean a lot for the recovery process; you can read more about the importance of hydration here.4. Achieving an adequate amount of sleep is key for a healthy recovery from intense physical activity like strenuous workouts. If adequate sleep isn’t achieved the most optimal results won’t be achieved either and progress will surely be slowed.A specific time for the recovery of one muscle group will depend on a multitude of factors like the intensity of the workout, the current level of physical readiness and more. It is usually recommended that one muscle group not be exposed to significant stress for two or three days after an intense workout. Many exercise regimes are centered around this, training certain muscle groups while other muscle groups are resting.Things that can have a negative impact on muscle recovery are drinking alcohol, which has been shown to have some effect on long-term muscle loss. As well as tobacco smoke, which can have unwanted consequences, poorly affecting the musculoskeletal system and increasing the risk of injury as shown by some studies. *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-wearing-black-sneakers-CwcErt1rdI8Clinic, C. (2024, June 27). A Post-Workout recovery plan for healthy muscle growth. Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/strenuous-workouts-try-these-6-best-recovery-tipsCaballero-García, A., & Córdova-Martínez, A. (2022). Muscle recovery and nutrition. Nutrients, 14(12), 2416. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122416Dupuy, O., Douzi, W., Theurot, D., Bosquet, L., & Dugué, B. (2018). An Evidence-Based approach for choosing post-exercise recovery techniques to reduce markers of muscle damage, soreness, fatigue, and inflammation: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00403

Scars can occur as a result of various injuries, surgeries, acne, or other skin diseases. Although they aren't harmful to our health, many people perceive them as a major aesthetic problem that greatly affects self-confidence. Fortunately, modern dermatology and aesthetic medicine offer a variety of treatments that help reduce the visibility or complete removal of scars.Before deciding on a treatment, it's important to understand what type of scars need to be treated. So we distinguish several groups of scars:Atrophic (dimpled) scars most often occur after acne or chickenpox and look like small depressions or "holes" in the skin. Hypertrophic (thickened) are raised above the level of the skin but don't exceed the boundaries of the wound. Then keloid scars, which are similar to hypertrophic scars, but grow beyond the boundaries of the wound and can cause itching or pain. The last group of scars we recognize are hyperpigmented or hypopigmented scars that leave darker or lighter marks on the skin.Aesthetic treatments for scar removalIn the last few years, several methods have been used to treat scars, depending on their type and depth, and these are some of them:1. Laser treatmentsLaser therapy is one of the most effective and popular methods for reducing scars. It's used to reduce redness, remove thickening, and improve skin texture.One type of laser used is the fractionated CO2 laser which is used for deep atrophic scars and stimulates collagen production. Also, the erbium laser, which is suitable for shallow scars on the skin and less invasive procedures, and the pulse laser (PDL, IPL) reduce the redness of scars and are used for fresh hypertrophic scars.2. Chemical peelingChemical peels use acids to remove the surface layers of the skin, which encourages regeneration, and therefore also affects scars.TCA peels (trichloroacetic acid) are used for medium-deep scars, and glycolic and salicylic acids are milder peels that help with pigmentation and minor blemishes.3. Microneedling (dermapen, dermaroller)This technique is also very popular when it comes to skincare because it stimulates the production of collagen by creating tiny micro-damages on the skin. It's often combined with a PRP (platelet-rich plasma) treatment to improve results. This treatment is ideal and has good results for facial scars caused by acne.4. Hyaluronic fillersFor atrophic scars, which have made major changes in the skin ("holes"), fillers based on hyaluronic acid can be used to fill in the depressions, however, the effect is only temporary and lasts for a period of 6 to 12 months, depending on the skin type.5. Dermabrasion and microdermabrasionDermabrasion is a more aggressive method used for deeper scars, while microdermabrasion is a milder version, suitable for superficial scars and uneven skin tone.In addition to the above treatments, corticosteroid injections are also an option. This method is used for hypertrophic and keloid scars to reduce their size and soften the scar tissue. An invasive method for scar removal that is the last option is surgical excision. It's used for large or irregular scars, which were caused by operations, where they are surgically removed with re-closure of the wound, in order to achieve a better aesthetic shape.Scar removal can be a very long process that requires professional supervision. The choice of treatment depends on the type and age of the scar, as well as on the individual characteristics of the skin. Consultation with a dermatologist or cosmetic surgeon is necessary in order to find the best solution for each patient and to make the treatment more effective.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-woman-in-brown-button-up-shirt-holding-a-makeup-brush-7588589/ReferenceWebMD. (n.d.). Cosmetic procedures for scars. Preuzeto 12, februara 2025, sa https://www.webmd.com/beauty/cosmetic-procedures-scarsAmerican Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). 10 things to know before having laser treatment for your scar. American Academy of Dermatology. https://www.aad.org/public/cosmetic/scars-stretch-marks/laser-treatment-scar Ramsay Health Care. (n.d.). Scar removal. Ramsay Health Care. https://www.ramsayhealth.co.uk/hospitals/mount-stuart-hospital/treatments/cosmetic-surgery/scar-removal

Smog, a combination of smoke and fog, is a far-reaching type of visible air pollution that appears more in larger cities but can also be a danger for more rural areas. Smog is a combination of exhaust fumes, damaging PM particles, and other compounds created by burning solid fuel or oil, it can be a byproduct of power plants, refineries, industrial boilers, and alike. Air pollution exists in the summer, but it is especially present and in a somewhat different state in winter months, especially in the heating season.Unlike fog which is made up of condensed water vapor in the atmosphere, smog is a serious and dangerous combination of fog and other damaging gases. Fog worsens visibility but it isn’t dangerous when health is concerned, while smog on the other hand can cause long-term health problems. Fog is white, and odorless and is often created in conditions when the air is cold and damp, often at night or in the early morning. Smog is often darker, with a tint of brown or yellow (depending on the conditions), and has an uneven distribution compared to fog, it has a noticeable unpleasant smell and can appear at any time of day, especially in urban areas.Small particles found in smog, known as PM particles, are small enough to be able to access the bloodstream through the lungs, they can cause serious health issues like cardiovascular diseases, heart attacks, strokes, lung cancer, asthma, nausea, miscarriage, allergies and many others. Children, the elderly, chronic patients, and pregnant women are at greater risk of complications related to air pollution than other groups.It is difficult to measure the impact of air pollution on health issues. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated in 2019 that in Serbia, on a yearly scale, more than 5000 people die premature deaths because of respiratory diseases caused by polluted air.Serbia generally has extremely poor air quality, a 2019 study by IQair has shown it to be one of the worst countries in Europe in this regard, behind neighboring Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria. What can be done?Daily one can try to be informed and track air quality on a local level. Checking air quality using IQair can be a valuable tool.When smog appears, one should try not to go outside, especially the high-risk groups of children, the elderly, chronic patients, and pregnant women.The time when traffic has a high density is also a time when air pollution can be extremely dangerous, so one can avoid leaving the house at these times.In case you must leave the house, you can use a mask, studies suggest that masks can be effective in preventing infections caused by polluted air. Still, it is important to understand that not all masks are the same and some are practically useless depending on the type of pollution. Surgical masks can prevent the breathing of large particles, but not smaller ones, for which nano masks are necessary, which are drastically more expensive and can often be unavailable in pharmacies.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/city-smog-gray-building-4772482/Air pollution and your health. (n.d.). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollutionJaved, A., Aamir, F., Gohar, U., Mukhtar, H., Zia-Ui-Haq, M., Alotaibi, M., Bin-Jumah, M., Marc, R., & Pop, O. (2021). The potential impact of smog spell on humans’ health amid COVID-19 rages. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111408Serbia Air Quality Index (AQI) and Air Pollution information | IQAir. (n.d.). https://www.iqair.com/serbia

The village where I grew up has about 1000 to 2000 inhabitants. In first grade, I met some friends, including my friend Rada. I loved going to school with her so much that I would cry if she left without me.Rada ended up in the hospital. I overheard my parents talking worriedly that Rada had diabetes and would need to take insulin. Her parents were heartbroken. They had heard various stories. They were afraid of the length of Rada's life, and the quality of her life. I saw fear and concern in my parents, and I concluded that diabetes was something very serious, but I didn’t really understand anything. To me, Rada looked the same as before.I didn’t think much about Rada and diabetes while growing up. In seventh grade, Rada was in the hospital and stayed for about a month. My parents told me to call her and check on her. I did, but I ended up crying during our conversation. Rada stayed positive the entire time, but I felt sad for her. If you asked me now why I cried, I wouldn’t know what to say. In eighth grade, Rada and I realized that we had the same graduation dress. She was fine with it, but it really upset me. I wanted to be special.On September 16, 2021, I faced diabetes. After high school, I didn’t see Rada much, even though we were both in Belgrade. I didn’t have the courage to write to her, but I often thought about her. I started to understand Rada’s strength, her battle behind the scenes, and the effort of her parents. Parents who are not rich but invest every penny in her health. Her mom, who taught her not only how to make a beautiful hairstyle but also about nutrition, physical activity, and how to take care of herself independently.In my hardest moments, I kept asking myself: How did Rada go through all of this? In a small community, with parents who didn’t know where life was taking them. Yet Rada was there. At every school trip, every birthday, every exam, every break where we shared birthday candies and festive bread, at physical education classes, and every day, she kept a self-monitoring journal to show to her pediatric endocrinologist at check-ups.Time passed, and Rada was a good friend, daughter, sister, student, girlfriend, and now a woman. Rada became a hairdresser. Rada graduated from college. Rada jumped out of an airplane. Rada trained kickboxing. Rada is a great driver. Rada achieved everything she wanted, and her whole life is ahead of her, along with diabetes. If her parents had known all of this when her diabetes was first diagnosed, the entire process would have been much easier.I met Rada at our 10-year high school reunion. Her friends know her with diabetes, and me without it. I remain silent about diabetes, though I ask Rada how she is doing. As we were saying goodbye, I told her: “I wanted to share something with you, but I didn’t have the courage to tell you in person, I’ll write it to you in a message.” I believe she had no idea what I had to share with her. However, this is how Rada learned that there was something that connected us. Our graduation dresses weren’t the same in the end, each one was special in its own way, but diabetes was the same for both of us. We are both type 1.Right now, many little Radas (both boys and girls) are growing up in the Balkans, with frightened and lost parents who wake up at night and check their children in fear. This text is dedicated to my Rada, the brave Rada, the girl from a small, uneducated community, who is now a young, healthy, happy woman living her life to the fullest.This text is dedicated to all the little Radas who are currently fighting these battles. This post is dedicated to the parents of little Radas, to hug their Radas and help them become independent as much as they can. And to know that your Radas will grow up, and you will have the opportunity to watch them overcome one obstacle after another, achieve success after success, and celebrate birthdays one after another. This text is for Rada.Author: Dr. Lidija Kojić, @dijabetesiliskicaLidija Kojić is a medical doctor. She has been living with type 1 diabetes since September 2021. She created her Instagram account, @dijabetesiliskica, to offer support and create educational content aimed at people diagnosed with diabetes, as well as their family members, friends, and anyone who wants to educate themselves about diabetes. Through sharing real-life challenges faced by those living with diabetes, her goal is to help the public understand the strength and vulnerability carried by individuals who live with diabetes.*This text is intended solely for informational purposes. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified health professional.Source of the cover photo: Küçükgül, B. (2021, May 24). White daisy in bloom during daytime [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/white-daisy-in-bloom-during-daytime-TIM2WIFyGa4

"Burn-out" or occupational burnout syndrome, according to the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), occurs as a result of chronic stress at work that has not been successfully managed. It is characterized by three dimensions:A feeling of exhaustion;Mental distance from work, negative feelings toward work, and/or cynicism about work;Reduced professional efficacy (WHO, 2019).Although it is not considered a medical diagnosis, this condition can significantly affect psycho-physical health if not addressed adequately. Burnout syndrome can hinder productivity, lead to feelings of hopelessness, cynicism, and resentment. The effects of burnout, although the syndrome is associated with the professional environment, can be felt in other areas of life, such as family/social life. In the long term, occupational burnout can increase the risk of colds and viruses (WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2024).What leads to occupational burnout?There are various factors that can lead to burnout syndrome, but broadly, they can be divided into internal (personality level) and external (work environment level) factors. Internal factors can include:Idealistic expectations of oneself, a tendency toward perfectionism, and extremely high ambitions;A need for recognition from others;A desire to please others at the expense of one’s own needs;Overestimating one’s abilities;Overload and excessive dedication to work, or the perception that work is the only meaningful activity (Kaschka, Korczak & Broich, 2011).External risk factors can include:High job demands;Poor communication between employer and employees, issues with management and cooperation, poor interpersonal relationships;Lack of employee autonomy in decision-making and lack of influence on organizational work;Mobbing;Contradictory instructions, unclear rules within the organization;Administrative, material, or staffing limitations;Pressure from superiors;Increased responsibility at work;Lack of career advancement opportunities;Lack of teamwork;Absence of social support (Kaschka, Korczak & Broich, 2011).Phases of occupational burnoutThe interaction of internal and external risk factors leads to constant conflicts, initially resulting in ambivalent feelings toward work, then creating mental and emotional fatigue, ultimately leading to psycho-physical exhaustion (Milenović & Živković, 2024). The development of burnout syndrome is gradual, and certain phases can be identified in the process:Initial work enthusiasm: The person is fully dedicated to the job and strives to please colleagues, but this effort is not sufficiently recognized and/or valued, leading to disappointment and dissatisfaction.Stagnation: In this phase, difficulties in interpersonal relationships arise, not only with colleagues but also with family and friends, causing emotional "vulnerability" and distrust, resulting in emotional withdrawal and isolation as a behavioral pattern, which in turn contributes to the perception of work as meaningless and worthless.Apathy and loss of life interests: Initial enthusiasm, self-confidence, and the desire to prove oneself have turned into cynicism, indifference, and a loss of faith in one’s abilities. The person resolves this last phase either by seeking another job (positive outcome) or staying at the same workplace without any change (negative outcome), which can lead to severe damage to psycho-physical health and, in extreme cases, to a fatal outcome (Živković, Milenović & Obrenović, 2019, according to: Milenović & Živković, 2024).Symptoms of occupational burnoutOccupational burnout can have various symptoms and is often confused with stress or may evolve into depression. Some of the signs include:Exhaustion: A feeling of chronic fatigue, lack of energy, and an inability to emotionally handle both professional and personal problems. These symptoms can also manifest as physical pain, stomach issues, and/or gastrointestinal problems.Withdrawal from activities/isolation from people: Feelings of cynicism and frustration toward work and colleagues. Emotional distancing and a sense of indifference toward the work environment may occur.Reduced productivity: This may appear at work, but also privately (e.g., when taking care of family members), due to a lack of energy for daily tasks. There may be difficulties concentrating, finishing duties, and a lack of creativity.Mental issues: Self-doubt, feelings of helplessness, personal failure, and defeat may arise as a result of burnout syndrome. Feelings of loneliness, loss of purpose, and high dissatisfaction with oneself may occur.Physical issues: A person facing occupational burnout may experience a lack of energy, more frequent colds, headaches, loss of appetite, body pain, or insomnia (WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2024).Treatment of occupational burnoutTalk to superiors/colleagues: If the work environment allows it, try to explain how you feel and reach an agreement on better organizing your work duties.Adequate sleep is vital for mental health: Lack of sleep due to job-related anxiety likely leads to burnout. Try to prioritize sleep.Try to make time for relaxing activities: Practices such as yoga, meditation, solving crossword puzzles, or going for a walk can help.Try to find support: Support from colleagues you trust, friends, and family is a strong protective factor. Their help can be crucial in dealing with challenges at work. Seeking a therapist is also a good way to find support and talk about your feelings (WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2024).*This text is intended solely for informational purposes. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferencesKaschka, W. P., Korczak, D., & Broich, K. (2011). Burnout: A fashionable diagnosis. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 108(46), 781–787.Milenović, M., Živković, S. (2024). Burnout syndrome, stress, and managerial illness. HSE, 6-10.WebMD Editorial Contributor, 2024. Burnout: Symptoms and Signs. Retrieved from: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/burnout-symptoms-signs. Accessed: October 9, 2024.World Health Organization [WHO]. (2019). Burn-out an "occupational phenomenon": International Classification of Diseases. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases. Accessed: October 9, 2024.Unsplash. (2023, October 23). A woman sitting in front of a laptop computer [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-sitting-in-front-of-a-laptop-computer-f2JMVDnarks

Breastfeeding and formula feeding are two basic methods of feeding newborns, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The decision about how to feed your baby depends on a number of different factors, including the health of the mother and child, lifestyle, and personal circumstances. In the rest of the text, we discuss the key advantages and disadvantages of both nutrition methods, relying on scientific sources.BreastfeedingBreastfeeding brings numerous benefits for both the baby and the mother. First of all, breast milk is perfectly adapted to the needs of the baby, providing all the necessary nutrients in ideal proportions. In addition, breast milk contains antibodies that strengthen the baby's immune system and help protect against infections and diseases, such as respiratory infections and gastrointestinal problems.It also has a positive effect on the mother's health. Various studies have shown that breastfeeding can reduce the risk of postpartum depression, breast and ovarian cancer, as well as type 2 diabetes. In addition, it helps the uterus to recover faster after childbirth and can contribute to the loss of weight gained during pregnancy, because more calories are burned during breastfeeding.This method of feeding the baby establishes additional closeness between mother and baby, improves emotional connection, and can reduce stress in the newborn.Although it has many advantages, breastfeeding can also be a big challenge for many mothers. Some women have difficulty establishing lactation, which can cause frustration and anxiety. Also, problems such as sore and cracked nipples, mastitis, and restrictions in the mother's diet can make this process even more difficult. Also, if the mother took certain medications during pregnancy, the doctor recommends that she not breastfeed her child, due to the effect of the medication on the milk composition. Breastfeeding takes time and commitment, which can be challenging for mothers who are returning to work or who have other commitments. It's not always easy to regulate the amount of milk, which can lead to overfeeding or underfeeding the baby.Formula feedingFormula feeding brings certain advantages, especially in situations where the mother can't or doesn't want to breastfeed. The formula allows more flexibility in feeding the baby, as any member of the family can make the milk and feed the child, reducing the pressure on the mother. Modern baby formulas are designed to contain all the necessary nutrients, including vitamins and minerals that support healthy baby development. Controlling the amount of milk a baby takes in is easier, which can help monitor growth and development. Another advantage of formula is the ability to feed in public without worrying about privacy, which may be important to some mothers. Also, mothers who take certain medications that can pass through breast milk have the safer option of feeding their children with formula.Although the formula is a practical alternative to breastfeeding, it comes with certain disadvantages. First, it doesn't contain the natural antibodies that breast milk provides, which can mean that formula-fed babies are at greater risk of infections and allergies. Another challenge is the financial aspect, as the formula can be expensive, especially in the long term. It also takes more time to prepare meals, as bottles and pacifiers must be properly sterilized to prevent bacterial infections.In addition, formula feeding can increase the risk of gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, gas, or colic, because formula is more difficult to digest compared to breast milk.Breastfeeding and formula, each have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the decision on how a mother will feed her baby should be adapted to individual circumstances. Breastfeeding provides numerous health benefits for the baby and mother, but it can be challenging for some women. On the other hand, the formula offers flexibility and convenience, but it doesn't have all the immune benefits of breast milk. Regardless of the choice, the most important thing is that the baby receives adequate nutrition and love, which will contribute to its healthy growth and development.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-carrying-baby-in-red-and-white-long-sleeve-shirt-_XdzYhDlK4YReferencesNational Health Service. (n.d.). Benefits of breastfeeding. NHS. Preuzeto 5, februara 2025, sa https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/breastfeeding-and-bottle-feeding/breastfeeding/benefits/Nemours KidsHealth. (n.d.). Breastfeeding vs. formula feeding. KidsHealth. Preuzeto 5, februara 2025, sa https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/breast-bottle-feeding.htmlBoeson Research. (n.d.). The benefits of formula feeding. Boeson Research. Preuzeto 5, februara 2025, sa https://boesonresearch.com/the-benefits-of-formula-feeding/

Cellulite represents an aesthetic, but also a health problem, which is faced by a large number of women, a certain percentage of men and lately, children. It's characterized by uneven, bumpy skin, most often on the thighs, buttocks, abdomen and upper arms. Although it's often associated with being overweight, it can also be present in thin people. Factors such as genetics, hormones, diet, physical activity and lifestyle play a key role in its development. Fortunately, there are methods that can help prevent its appearance and alleviate existing cellulite.There are various factors that we can influence in order to avoid the appearance of cellulite, and these are some of them:1. Healthy dietA diet rich in fiber, vitamins and minerals contributes to skin health and reduces the risk of cellulite formation. Therefore, it's recommended to consume fresh fruits and vegetables, especially those with a high content of antioxidants (eg blueberries, broccoli, spinach). Intake of whole grains instead of refined products, reduction of intake of processed food, fast food and products rich in trans fats. Increasing protein intake from lean sources, such as chicken, fish, eggs and legumes.In addition to food, hydration is also very important, so it's recommended to drink at least two liters of water a day in order to rid the body of toxins.2. Physical activityRegular physical activity helps improve circulation, strengthen muscles and burn excess fat. Ideal activities for the prevention of cellulite are cardio exercises such as running, cycling and brisk walking or yoga and pilates. Strength exercises also strengthen muscles and affect skin tightness.3. Maintaining a healthy body weightSudden weight gain or loss can have a bad effect on the appearance of cellulite. Maintaining a stable body weight through a healthy diet and regular physical activity is key.In addition to these basic factors, related to nutrition and physical activity, it's important to consider the reduction of stress. Chronic stress can increase levels of cortisol, a hormone that contributes to fat deposition and loss of skin elasticity. Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing and relaxing activities can reduce stress and positively affect skin health.Also, the consumption of tobacco products reduces the flow of oxygen and negatively affects the elasticity of the skin, while alcohol causes fluid retention and reduces hydration, which can contribute to the appearance of cellulite.If we don't avoid the appearance of cellulite, it's important to know that there are different methods to get rid of it, only if we're persistent and consistent, and this is one of them:1. Massage and lymphatic drainageRegular massage and lymphatic drainage techniques can improve circulation and reduce the appearance of cellulite. Especially effective are anti-cellulite massages that break down fat deposits under the skin. However, this doesn't permanently solve our problem, but can help us speed up the process of cellulite disappearance.2. Dry skin brushingThis is a technique that improves circulation, removes dead skin cells and stimulates the lymphatic system, which can reduce the appearance of cellulite.3. Anti-cellulite creamsThere are numerous creams on the market that contain caffeine, retinol or hyaluronic acid, which can improve the appearance of the skin and reduce the appearance of cellulite. The only thing that is important to note about such creams is that their results are visible only after a certain period of constant use, so persistence is key.If natural methods aren't enough, we also have aesthetic treatments that help reduce or eliminate cellulite, for example:Mesotherapy (injections of a cocktail of vitamins and minerals), radiofrequency and ultrasound therapies that break down fat deposits or laser treatments that improve the production of collagen and elastin.It's possible to combine some of these treatments, for a better and faster result, but it's definitely recommended that we first try to get rid of cellulite in a natural way.Cellulite is a complex problem that requires a multifaceted approach to prevent and reduce it. Maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical activity, adequate skin care and reducing risk factors can significantly contribute to the formation of cellulite and its treatment. Although there is no permanent solution, persistence in healthy habits can bring long-lasting results.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.*https://www.pexels.com/photo/woman-in-black-shirt-and-white-panty-sitting-on-white-table-4155014/ReferencesAmerican Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). Cellulite treatments: What really works? American Academy of Dermatology Association. Preuzeto 5, februara 2025, sa https://www.aad.org/public/cosmetic/fat-removal/cellulite-treatments-what-really-worksVillines, Z. (2019, June 25). Cellulite: Causes, treatments, and prevention. Healthline. Preuzeto 5, februara 2025, sa https://www.healthline.com/health/cellulite*Image taken from the site:

Physical activity doesn’t need to be complicated, something simple like a daily walk can bring surprising benefits to achieving a healthier lifestyle. Walking can provide multiple health benefits to people of all ages and levels of physical activity, it can also help prevent some serious conditions.We don’t often think of walking when we talk about exercise and physical activity, but it is, it doesn’t require special equipment or clothes, it’s free and can be easily incorporated into your daily routine. It can also be helpful that you can go somewhere, choose a path you enjoy, you can walk with someone, or listen to music.Regular walking can have numerous health benefits:-   It helps with maintaining healthy weight and weight loss-   It helps the prevention and regulation of certain states like cardiovascular diseases, strokes, some forms of cancer, and type 2 diabetes-   It improves cardiovascular fitness-   It lowers blood sugar levels-   It strengthens muscles and bones-   It can help with joint health, including the knees-   It increases energy levels-   It improves mood, cognition and memory-   It promotes healthy sleep-   It betters coordination-   It strengthens the immune system-   It helps with stressThe faster, more often, and longer you walk the more these benefits will be noticed. As with many exercises, it is necessary to start slowly and move your way up to the desired levels. Walking can be a great way to improve aerobic activity, and cardiovascular fitness, and burn calories simultaneously.Alternating between brisk walking and more leisurely walking can have additional benefits when it comes to cardiovascular fitness health and calorie burning.In the beginning, make sure you have comfortable walking shoes, have decided on a route that fits you, and think about bringing someone along.Think about your safety and try to set clear, realistic, achievable goals that you can later surpass and change depending on your progress.On the other hand, you can incorporate more walking into your daily life by walking instead of taking public transportation, parking further than your destination so that you can walk that distance, choosing a longer route to where you are walking, and so on.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-walking-between-flower-fields-iy4PrwxTniAThe benefits of walking. (2024, June 17). NIH News in Health. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2016/03/benefits-walkingUngvari, Z., Fazekas-Pongor, V., Csiszar, A., & Kunutsor, S. K. (2023). The multifaceted benefits of walking for healthy aging: from Blue Zones to molecular mechanisms. GeroScience, 45(6), 3211–3239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00873-8Walk your way to fitness. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/walking/art-20046261

The use of lubricants during sexual intercourse can significantly affect the quality of the relationship itself so that it significantly improves the experience with the partner, reduces discomfort, and increases satisfaction. Lubricants play a role in reducing friction during intercourse, facilitating penetration, and can contribute to greater pleasure. Its use affects the prevention of pain and irritation, especially in people who suffer from vaginal dryness, use condoms or practice anal sex. However, it's important to understand the various aspects of using a lubricant, including the benefits, potential risks, ingredients, and proper application.Types of lubricants and their useBefore listing the benefits of using lubricants, it's very important to know what types exist and how to use them correctly.There are three main types of lubricants, which differ in their basic composition, so we have lubricants based on water, silicone, and oil. Each of these types has its own specific characteristics and is best used in certain situations.Water-based lubricants are most commonly used because of their compatibility with condoms and sex toys. They are easily washed off and don't cause irritation in most people, but they dry faster, so it's necessary to apply them more often. Silicone lubricants are longer lasting and more water resistant, making them a good choice for longer sex or use in water. However, they aren't compatible with silicone sex toys, as they can damage their material, so it's recommended to be cautious when combining them.Oil-based lubricants aren't compatible with latex condoms, as they can weaken the material and increase the risk of them breaking, so it isn't recommended to use them together. Also, they can cause irritation or infection in people with sensitive skin or are prone to infection.Advantages of using lubricantsOne of the main advantages of lubricants is the reduction of friction during sexual intercourse, which can prevent discomfort or pain, thus increasing pleasure during intercourse. Vaginal dryness is common in women and can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal changes, changes during menopause, breastfeeding, use of certain medications, or stress. In this situation, the use of lubricants can improve the sexual experience and increase the chance of achieving satisfaction. According to research, women who use lubricants during intercourse often report greater levels of sexual satisfaction and easier orgasms.Also, the use of lubricants is almost necessary during anal intercourse. Since the anal canal has no natural ability to lubricate, using an adequate lubricant reduces the risk of injury and increases comfort during anal penetration. The use of water or silicone-based lubricants is recommended, as they are easy to apply and do not cause irritation.Potential risks and side effectsAlthough lubricants are generally safe, it's important to be aware of the potential risks. Some products may contain ingredients that may cause irritation or allergic reactions. Lubricants containing glycerin may increase the risk of vaginal infections in people who are prone to infections. Also, artificial fragrances, parabens, and preservatives present in some lubricants can cause irritation in people with sensitive skin.One of the studies showed that some lubricants can change the pH value of the vagina, which can increase the risk of infections. That is why it is important to choose lubricants that have a balanced pH value and do not contain ingredients that cause irritation.Using lubricants during anal sex can increase the risk of HIV transmission, especially if other rectal infections are present. Research has shown that users of lubricants are three times more likely to develop rectal sexually transmitted infections, regardless of gender, HIV status, or condom use.Natural alternatives and tips for safe useTo ensure an optimal experience, it is recommended to choose lubricants that are dermatologically tested and don't contain harmful chemicals. For people who prefer natural products or are sensitive to ingredients found in commercial lubricants, there are natural alternatives like aloe vera. It is also important that before the first use, we test a small amount of lubricant on the skin in order to check for a possible allergic reaction. Lubricants can also be used during masturbation, which increases pleasure and reduces the risk of irritation due to friction. If used with condoms, it is important to choose a lubricant that is compatible with the condom material to avoid damage.Lubricants can significantly improve the sexual experience, but it's important to choose the right one carefully, be aware of potential risks, and follow guidelines for safe use to ensure optimal sexual health and satisfaction. If there is any irritation, redness, itching, or burning sensation, stop using it and consult with a doctor in time.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/yellow-banana-fruit-on-persons-hand-uuA9sKk2f5cReferencesMedical News Today. (n.d.). What to know about cognitive disorders. Medical News Today. Preuzeto 5, februara 2025, sa https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326450#typesKennedy, C. E., Yeh, P. T., Li, J., Gonsalves, L., & Narasimhan, M. (2022). Lubricants for the promotion of sexual health and well-being: A systematic review. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 29(3), 2044198. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2022.2044198Healthline. (n.d.). A guide to choosing the best lube for you. Preuzeto 5, februara 2025, sa https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/lube-shopping-guide-types#1

Earphones can easily get dirty, collecting dust, earwax, sweat, and fibers. Dirty earphones not only look untidy but can also be harmful to your health if bacteria build up, potentially leading to ear infections and other problems. Fortunately, they are easy to clean at home. Regular cleaning of your AirPods and their cases will help keep them neat and safe (Taylor, 2024). To avoid skin irritation, especially if you have sensitive skin or allergies, make sure to clean and dry your AirPods after exercise or exposure to sweat, soap, shampoo, makeup, or creams. Additionally, if you have allergies, check the materials your AirPods are made of (Apple Support, 2025).In this guide, we will show you how to quickly and easily clean your AirPods and their cases using household items, protecting both your health and your device. Before we go over the required equipment and cleaning procedure, it’s important to note the following: On AirPods, you can only clean the mesh areas (breathing mesh, vent mesh, and microphones), and you should avoid cleaning other parts of the earphones;Don’t forget to clean the charging case when cleaning your AirPods. The case can be just as dirty, if not dirtier, than the earphones (Taylor, 2024); Do not submerge the earphones or charging case in water, nor should you use sharp objects for cleaning (Apple Support, 2025a).Cleaning EquipmentMicellar water (with PEG-6 caprylic/capric glycerides, such as Bioderma or Neutrogena)Distilled waterBaby toothbrush with soft bristles or a small paintbrushTwo small cupsPaper towelIsopropyl alcohol (if needed)Liquid laundry detergent (for AirPods Max) (Apple Support, 2025a; 2025b; 2024).Cleaning the MeshesPour micellar water into a cup and dip the brush into it. Gently brush the mesh for 15 seconds, holding the earphone with the mesh facing upwards.Turn the earphone over and place it on a paper towel.Repeat the cleaning two more times.Rinse the brush with distilled water and repeat the entire process with distilled water, including the additional cleanings.Leave the earphones to dry for at least two hours before returning them to the case or using them (Apple Support, 2025a).Cleaning the Ear Tips (AirPods Pro)If water has accumulated in the ear tips, gently tap the earphone on a soft, dry cloth with the ear tip facing down to remove the water.Remove the ear tips from each earphone and wash them only with water. Do not use soap or other cleaning agents.Wipe the ear tips with a soft, dry cloth that doesn’t leave fibers. Make sure the ear tips are completely dry before placing them back on the earphones.Reattach the ear tips to each earphone, aligning them properly since the ear tips are oval-shaped (Apple Support, 2025b).Cleaning AirPods MaxDo not place the earphones under running water.Use a soft, dry cloth that doesn’t leave fibers.If the earphones have been exposed to substances that may cause stains or damage, clean them with a cloth dampened with plain water and dry them with a dry, soft cloth that doesn’t leave fibers.Do not use the earphones until they are completely dry, and make sure that liquid doesn’t get into any openings (Apple Support, 2024).Cleaning the Earpads and Headband (AirPods Max)In a clean cup, mix 1 teaspoon (5 mL) of liquid laundry detergent with 1 cup (250 mL) of water.Remove the earpads from their holders.When cleaning the headband, hold it upside down to prevent liquid from entering the point where the headband is attached.Dip a cloth that doesn’t leave fibers into the soapy water, wring it out, and gently wipe the headband and each earpad with the cloth for about 1 minute.With another cloth dampened with clean water, wipe the earpads and headband.Dry the earpads and headband with a dry, soft cloth that doesn’t leave fibers, and make sure to remove any excess liquid.Place the earphones on a flat surface and leave them to dry for at least 24 hours before reattaching the earpads and using them again (Apple Support, 2024).Cleaning the Charging CaseClean the charging case with a soft, dry cloth that doesn’t leave fibers. If needed, you can dampen the cloth with isopropyl alcohol or water to remove stubborn stains. Be careful not to let liquid get into the charging port!Clean the charging port with a soft-bristled brush (Apple Support, 2025a).Regular cleaning of your earphones not only helps maintain their appearance but also contributes to their longevity and your ear health. If the problem persists after cleaning, you can seek a service for your AirPods. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to consult a qualified healthcare professional.*This text is for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you consult your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferenceApple Support. (2024). „Kako čistiti AirPods Max slušalice.“ Apple Support, objavljeno 13. septembra 2024. https://support.apple.com/hr-hr/120410#:~:text=U%20%C4%8Distom%20spremniku%20promije%C5%A1ajte%201,pri%C4%8Dvrsnu%20to%C4%8Dku%20trake%20za%20glavu.Apple Support. (2025a). "Kako očistiti AirPods mrežice." Apple Support, objavljeno 28. januara 2025. https://support.apple.com/hr-hr/102672#:~:text=Kako%20%C4%8Distiti%20AirPods%20mre%C5%BEice,kru%C5%BEnim%20pokretima%20oko%2015%20sekundi.Apple Support. (2025b). "Kako čistiti AirPods Pro slušalice." Apple Support, objavljeno 28. januara 2025. https://support.apple.com/hr-hr/120409#:~:text=Umo%C4%8Dite%20%C4%8Detkicu%20u%20%C5%A1alicu%20micelarne,ru%C4%8Dnik%20u%20dodiru%20s%20mre%C5%BEicom.Auguras Pipiras, White ceramic bowl on dried leaves [Fotografija], Unsplash, objavljeno 21. juna 2021. https://unsplash.com/photos/white-ceramic-bowl-on-dried-leaves-RYnfcIfyWjE.Taylor, Martin. "How to Clean AirPods." WebMD, medically reviewed by Shruthi N, MD, 22. jul 2024. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/how-to-clean-airpods.

The digital era has transformed communication, leading to greater connectivity with the digital world than with the immediate environment. According to the “Social Serbia 2024” survey, 94% of people in Serbia have an account on social media. Almost all respondents aged 18-24 have a profile on some social network, and even older individuals (55-64 years) are active, with only 17% not being active on social media. Facebook and Instagram are among the most popular networks, while TikTok and LinkedIn maintain a stable level of use. With the constant rise in the number of users, social media has become the main channel for communication, entertainment, and information exchange, while also creating new challenges, especially for mental health (Pioniri Communications, 2025). The greatest negative consequences of social media relate to young people and include the development of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and addiction. Adolescents' vulnerability makes them particularly susceptible to the negative effects of social media, which is why timely education is necessary (Milošević & Milošević, 2022).The way social media is used plays a key role in its impact on your life. This article provides some recommendations for building a healthy relationship with social media and avoiding harmful behaviors on social platforms that can negatively affect your health.1. Limit the Time Spent on Social Media Fear of missing out (FOMO) can make you constantly worry about missing something, whether it's a new joke, outing, or trend. This fear can lead to excessive use of social media (Smith, 2021). Checking social media has become a daily habit for many of us, but when it starts affecting your mental health, an easy solution is to take a break. Instead of deleting your account, simply remove the app and replace the time spent online with activities you enjoy, such as reading or walking. Later, when you're ready, you can reinstall the apps (MercyCare, n.d.).Passive scrolling (doomscrolling) through upsetting content can worsen mental health, cause isolation, and intensify negative feelings. If you follow things that disturb you, you're likely to be shown more of that type of content, and repeatedly scrolling through upsetting material can increase your stress and anxiety (National Institutes of Health, 2022). Pay attention to how social media affects your emotions and behavior. If you notice that the content brings stress, envy, or anxiety, it is important to set boundaries regarding the time spent online. This can include muting notifications, limiting content that negatively impacts you, or reducing time on social media. Also, remember that not everything we see on social media is real, but our feelings about it are very real (Unicef, n.d.).2. Take Care of Privacy and Security on Social Media Most social networks have privacy settings. These settings allow you to choose who can see, comment, share, and like your profile and content. Be careful about the information you share about yourself online, such as adding location to posts. Be aware that you have a digital footprint that follows you online, and everything you post adds to that trail (MercyCare, n.d.). It is also advisable to cover your webcam if you are not using it. If you are concerned about something you see or experience online, it is recommended to talk to a trusted person (you can take a screenshot as evidence) or seek help from relevant institutions/organizations (Unicef Serbia, n.d.).3. Critically Approach Content on Social Media and Choose Who/What to Follow Misinformation spreads easily through social media, so before reacting to something, evaluate whether the source is reliable and if the information is based on credible data. Therefore, it is important to choose who and what you follow on social media, avoid negative influences, and focus on content that brings you happiness (MercyCare, n.d.). The digital world can expose users to the promotion of behaviors harmful to health, such as excessive alcohol consumption, drug use, and eating disorders, which are sometimes wrongly portrayed as "normal" (National Institutes of Health, 2022).With a critical approach and careful content selection, social media can be a tool for improving mental health. You can search for health information, hear others' experiences, or find treatment options (Ibid). Meditation apps can help you relax, while online platforms allow you to connect with others and develop your identity. You can also use tools to learn new skills, such as drawing, exercising, or online fitness courses, which contribute to physical and mental health. Find inspirational and motivating content and people to follow, such as athletes, singers, chefs, or authors. You can also use the internet to seek professional help and mental health information when needed (Unicef, n.d.).4. Use Social Media as an Opportunity for Connection, Not Comparison Following celebrities or colleagues can be motivating for some, but for others, it leads to unhealthy comparison. Often, we only see their successes, which results in dissatisfaction with our own achievements. Such comparison negatively affects self-esteem and emotional health. These problems can lead to a toxic relationship with social media (Smith, 2021).To set healthy boundaries, it's helpful to take breaks from networks, set rules, and practice mindfulness (Ibid). Also, focus on positive interactions, such as commenting on friends' posts and connecting with family. Social media should be a tool for building relationships, not a measure of how you should live (MercyCare, n.d.).Conclusion Social media can be useful for connecting and enriching our lives, but its impact on mental health can be negative if not used carefully. It is crucial to set boundaries on the time spent online, protect your privacy, critically approach content, and use social media as a tool for positive interaction and personal development. Recognizing harmful influences and actively managing your digital presence helps build a healthy relationship with social media and maintain mental health.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Reference:MercyCare. (n.d.). 6 Tips for Healthy Social Media Use. Mercy Medical Center. Dostupno na: https://www.mercycare.org/bhs/employee-assistance-program/eapforemployers/resources/6-tips-for-healthy-social-media-use/Milošević, S., & Milošević, D. (2022). Uticaj društvenih mreža na mentalno zdravlje. Zbornik instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, 41, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.47152/ziksi2022012National Institutes of Health. (2022, September). Healthy Social Media Habits. NIH News in Health. Dostupno na: https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2022/09/healthy-social-media-habitsPioniri Communications. (2025). Social Serbia 2024: Istraživanje stanja društvenih medija u Srbiji. Retrieved from https://pioniri.com/sr/socialserbia2024/Shalabaieva, Mariia. A group of different social media logos. Fotografija, Unsplash, 10 May 2023, https://unsplash.com/photos/a-group-of-different-social-media-logos-HBkpnDVc_Ic.Smith, L. (2021, August 11). How to Keep Your Social Media In Check. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Dan Brennan, MD. Dostupno na: https://www.webmd.com/balance/features/how-to-keep-your-social-media-in-check#1-3UNICEF. (n.d.). 5 načina kako da sačuvate svoje mentalno zdravlje na internetu. UNICEF Srbija. Dostupno na: https://www.unicef.org/serbia/5-nacina-kako-da-sacuvate-svoje-mentalno-zdravlje-na-internetu

What is Insulin Resistance? Insulin resistance occurs when the cells in the muscles, fat tissue, and liver do not respond properly to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose (sugar) levels. Glucose, the body’s primary energy source, enters the bloodstream after food is digested, and insulin facilitates its entry into cells. If insulin resistance exists, the cells do not allow glucose to enter, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels. Meanwhile, the pancreas continues to produce insulin. Initially, the pancreas can produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels, but long-term resistance can lead to persistent high glucose levels and the development of diabetes (Booth, 2024). Sometimes, insulin production can increase by up to 20 times (hyperinsulinemia) to maintain normal blood glucose levels. When the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas become exhausted, insulin secretion may stop permanently. Thus, insulin resistance can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes, which was once known as "adult-onset" diabetes because it primarily affected the elderly population (Konstantinović Birovljev, 2016).Causes of Insulin ResistanceAnyone can develop insulin resistance, but certain factors increase the risk, such as:Excess body weight, especially around the abdomen, and either excess body fat or a lack of it;Unhealthy lifestyle, including sedentary behavior, poor diet rich in refined carbohydrates, and smoking;Genetic predisposition, such as having a family history of type 2 diabetes or having a mother who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy;Age over 45 years;Use of certain medications, such as steroids, antipsychotics, or HIV drugs (Mayo Clinic, 2022; D'Arrigo, 2024; Booth, 2024).Additionally, various medical conditions are linked to insulin resistance, such as obstructive sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Cushing’s syndrome, lipodystrophy (which causes abnormal fat loss), low levels of "good" HDL cholesterol, high levels of triglycerides, heart disease, previous strokes, and diseases affecting blood vessels in the neck or legs (D'Arrigo, 2024).Symptoms of Insulin ResistanceInsulin resistance can go unnoticed for years (Roland, 2024). People with insulin resistance typically do not experience any symptoms, and the condition is often discovered accidentally during routine health checks or blood tests (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Some of insulin resistance symptoms include:Extreme thirst or hunger;Hunger after eating;Abdominal obesity (waist circumference greater than 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women);Increased or frequent urination;Tingling in the hands or feet;Unusual tiredness;Frequent infections;High blood glucose levels in laboratory tests, fasting over 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL);High triglyceride levels in fasting (150 mg/dl);HDL cholesterol levels lower than 40 mg/dL in men and 50 mg/dL in women;Blood pressure of 130/80 or higher (Roland, 2024; Booth, 2024).Some people with insulin resistance may also develop a skin condition called acanthosis nigricans. This appears as dark, velvety patches, usually on the back of the neck, in the groin, and under the arms. While there is no cure for this condition, if it is caused by insulin resistance, treatment may help restore the normal skin color (Roland, 2024). Additionally, insulin resistance can lead to damage to small blood vessels at the back of the eyes, resulting in retinopathy. If left untreated, it can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes (Booth, 2024).Diagnosis of Insulin ResistanceThere is no single test for insulin resistance, so doctors rely on various tests to diagnose it, such as:Fasting glucose test (measuring blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours);Oral glucose tolerance test (after a fasting glucose test, a sugar solution is consumed, and a blood test is repeated two hours later);Hemoglobin A1c test (measures the average blood sugar level over the past 2 to 3 months and is primarily used to diagnose prediabetes or diabetes. Multiple tests may be needed to confirm results);Lipid panel (lipids are fatty substances in the blood, such as "bad" LDL and "good" HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. A blood test can check your levels. High triglycerides and low "good" cholesterol are linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes) (Booth, 2024).Treatment of Insulin ResistanceThe goal of treating insulin resistance is to lower blood sugar levels and prevent type 2 diabetes (Booth, 2024). Reversing insulin resistance and preventing type 2 diabetes is possible through lifestyle changes, medication, or sometimes both. The best approach will be determined by your doctor (Mayo Clinic, 2022). Although insulin resistance is not fully understood, blood sugar levels can be managed. Some lifestyle changes that may be beneficial include:Exercise, as it improves how the body uses insulin. It is recommended to engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity 5 days a week.Losing 5% to 7% of body weight in cases of overweight, as it can significantly reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.Reducing the intake of processed foods and refined carbohydrates that stimulate insulin production.Stress management, as reducing stress can help control blood sugar levels;Ensuring adequate sleep, as sleeping less than 7 hours can increase insulin resistance.Quitting smoking, as it worsens the condition (Booth, 2024).ConclusionInsulin resistance is a serious health issue that can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes and other related complications if not recognized and treated in time. Although many people do not notice any symptoms of insulin resistance, early detection is possible through blood tests and monitoring risk factors. If detected and treated early, insulin resistance can be controlled, and the development of type 2 diabetes can be prevented. Regular medical checkups and lifestyle changes such as proper diet, weight control, and stress management are key to managing this condition.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.RefereceKonstantinović Birovljev, B. (2016). Šta je to insulinska rezistencija? Kako se rešiti IR? ZZZZ SBG. Preuzeto sa https://zzzzsbg.rs/rs/sta-je-to-insulinska-rezistencija-kako-se-resiti-ir/Anirudh. (2021, November 30). A bunch of red bubbles floating in the air [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-bunch-of-red-bubbles-floating-in-the-air-UiwUtEqROEsMayo Clinic. (2022, August 18). What is insulin resistance? A Mayo Clinic expert explains. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/multimedia/vid-20536756D'Arrigo, T. (2024, March 15). A visual guide to insulin resistance. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Zilpah Sheikh, MD. https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-ir-syndromeBooth, S. (2024, April 22). Insulin Resistance – What You Need to Know. WebMD. Medically reviewed by Jabeen Begum, MD. https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/insulin-resistance-syndromeRoland, J. (2024, June 10). Insulin resistance: Symptoms. Healthline. Medically reviewed by Marina Basina, MD. https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/insulin-resistance-symptoms

Fibers are a key part of every healthy diet. Fibers are nutrients that are complex and healthy carbohydrates, they are found in plant-based food, like fruits and vegetables, and not in animal products like meat or dairy.The human body has a hard time decomposing and absorbing fiber, this makes fiber different from other nutrients like fats, proteins, sugars, or starches. The body easily absorbs these nutrients while fibers partially intact pass through the digestive system and exit the body.There are two types of fiber:Soluble fiber is fiber which cannot be dissolved in water. They help slow down digestion, lower cholesterol levels, as well as lower blood sugar levels. These fibers can be found in oats, peas, beans, apples, bananas, avocados, citrus fruits, carrots…Insoluble fiber is fiber that is not dissolvable in water, its main function is to support the movement of matter through the digestive tract and add bulk to the stool. Because of this, it can be of much use to people who are prone to constipation. Good sources of insoluble fiber include whole-grain flower, nuts, beans, cauliflower, peas, potatoes…Most food that is rich in fiber contains both soluble and insoluble fiber, the amount of these different fibers depends on the plant itself. Fiber is a key part of a healthy diet and contributes to the body’s health in many ways:- It supports gut health and lowers the chances of constipation. Fiber increases stool mass and softens it, this helps with both constipation and diarrhea because fiber absorbs water. A diet rich in fiber is also connected to lower risks of colon cancer, hemorrhoids, and diverticulitis.- It helps with the lowering of blood sugar levels; fibers can slow down the absorption of sugar and thus help regulate blood sugar levels. This is especially true for insoluble fiber and helps with lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes.- Increased fiber intake also promotes longer life and reduces the risk of several conditions including heart disease.- Fiber helps with maintaining healthy body weight, food rich in fiber is usually more filling than others. This food also often has lower calorie content and requires more time to eat, meaning a lower calorie intake for a greater feeling of fullness.Some fiber-rich foods are:Whole wheat, bran, peas, lentils, peanut butter (and other nut butter), vegetable soups, apples, berries, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, corn, dried fruit, spinach, lettuce, kale, potatoes, sweet potatoes, granola, nuts, popcorn, seeds…*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/fruit-lot-on-ceramic-plate-8manzosDSGMHow to add more fiber to your diet. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/fiber/art-20043983High-Fiber foods. (2024, October 15). Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/nutrition/high-fiber-foodsHealth benefits of dietary fibers vary. (2022, June 21). National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/health-benefits-dietary-fibers-vary

Eyebrow powder is an aesthetic treatment and one of the most popular techniques of semi-permanent makeup, which makes a natural and neat appearance of the eyebrows without the need for daily exhausting drawing. This technique of semi-permanent makeup is done with the help of an apparatus that introduces pigment into the surface layer of the skin, creating the effect of gently shaded eyebrows. The result is naturally defined and fuller eyebrows that last a certain period of time depending on the skin type and care after the treatment.The treatment process begins with a consultation with an expert who determines the very shape and color of the eyebrows in accordance with the client's natural facial features and skin tone. After that, if you are satisfied with the shape, a special device with a micro-needle is used, which introduces pigment into the surface layer of the skin using the shading method. This technique makes it possible to achieve a color gradient, where the eyebrows are lighter at the beginning and gradually become darker towards the ends. The treatment itself lasts between one and two hours, and after it, there is slight redness and peeling of the skin, which is a normal part of the healing process. After four to six weeks, a correction treatment is recommended, in order to correct the defects and achieve the desired color intensity and durability of the results.One of the biggest advantages of powder eyebrows is their durability. This treatment usually lasts from one to three years, depending on the type of skin, the color used during the treatment itself, and the way of care. Oily skin usually absorbs the pigment faster, so the effect may last a bit longer than in people with dry or normal skin.Powder brows are an excellent choice for all people who want a natural, but defined eyebrow look. They are also ideal for those with thin or light brows, as they have a density effect without the need for daily makeup on brows. They are also an excellent choice for anyone who has asymmetrical eyebrows or a natural shape that doesn't match their facial features.Another important advantage is minimal pain during the treatment. Since the pigment is introduced into the surface layer of the skin, the sensation of pain is minimal compared to the microblading technique. Also, powder brows are less irritating during healing and have a lower risk of leaving scars on the skin.Although powder eyebrows have many benefits, there are also certain risks. As with any aesthetic treatment, there is a possibility of allergic reactions to the pigment. That is why it is important to consult with a professional before the treatment and indicate whether we have allergies, and if we aren't sure, we can do an allergy test. Another possible problem is the improper choice of an expert, that is the person who will do our permanent makeup. Badly done powder eyebrows can look unnatural, asymmetrical, or too aggressive due to the wrong choice of color, so it's crucial to choose someone qualified and experienced with a good previous work portfolio and with good experiences.Post-treatment care plays a key role in preserving eyebrows, their color, and shape. It's recommended to avoid water, make-up, and aggressive cosmetic products and treatments on the treated area during the first seven to ten days. Also, it's necessary to apply the recommended healing cream in order for the skin to recover properly.After the initial healing period, it's important to protect the eyebrows from the sun by using a cream with an SPF factor, because the sun can accelerate the absorption of the pigment in the skin. Regular corrections every year or two will help to keep the eyebrows always fresh and beautifully defined.Powder brows are a modern aesthetic treatment and one of the most popular in the last few years when it comes to permanent makeup. This treatment allows us a long-lasting and natural look without the daily effort of drawing eyebrows, which saves time and also affects self-confidence. Although there are certain risks, with proper care and the choice of a qualified professional, the results can be excellent. This technique is ideal for all those who want neat, thick, and well-shaped eyebrows that last.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/eyebrow-threading-beauty-8907650/ReferenceMicroblading LA. (n.d.). Learn more about powder brows. Microblading LA. Preuzeto 5,februara 2025, sa https://microbladingla.com/learn-more-about-powder-browsAllure. (2023, 6. July). Powder brows: The microblading alternative. Allure. https://www.allure.com/story/powder-brows-microblading-alternative

In addition to being loyal companions, pets are our unconscious allies in maintaining health. Whether it’s through daily walks that improve physical fitness and reduce stress or their incredible ability to improve our mood, pets play an important role in our daily lives. In recent decades, research has shown that pets bring numerous health benefits, from lowering blood pressure to boosting the immune system. In this article, we will explore how pets can become true therapists on four paws, helping us feel better both physically and mentally. However, it’s important to note that, as the National Institutes of Health (2018) states, research on human-animal interactions is still in its early stages, and the results are not always consistent.Benefits for Physical HealthMore than 60% of dog owners achieve the recommended amount of exercise each week — 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise. Establishing healthy habits, such as regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight, can reduce the risk of various cancers, including breast, prostate, lung, colon, and kidney cancer (UC Davis, 2024).Pet ownership can also positively impact heart health. The mere presence of animals can significantly reduce blood pressure. Pet owners typically have lower resting blood pressure compared to those who don’t own pets. Regular exercise, such as walking your dog, also lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Ibid).Pets, such as dogs and cats, can introduce allergens and endotoxins into the home, but they can also help reduce sensitivity to these allergens. While exposure to cats can reduce the risk of asthma, contact with dogs can increase it. However, young children, especially babies under one year old, experience immune benefits from pet ownership, as exposure to both cats and dogs is linked to a reduced risk of asthma and allergies by the age of five (Orford, 2024).While it’s still uncertain whether pets have clear benefits for physical health, it’s essential to protect yourself from the risks associated with living with animals. Children, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems are more vulnerable to illness due to contact with animals. To reduce risk, follow these recommendations:Wash hands thoroughly after contact with animals.Regularly vaccinate and maintain your pet’s hygiene and health.Supervise children while they interact with animals.Prevent children from kissing pets or putting their hands or other objects in their mouths after contact with animals.Pregnant women should avoid cleaning litter boxes, as toxoplasmosis, a disease transmitted by cats, can cause serious problems during pregnancy (National Institutes of Health, 2018).Benefits for Mental HealthInteractions with animals, such as petting and eye contact, increase levels of oxytocin, the hormone that reduces stress. Studies have shown that dog-assisted therapy can reduce levels of cortisol, the stress hormone. Even watching animal videos, such as those of fish, monkeys, or birds, can reduce stress (Orford, 2024).Pet ownership, especially of dogs, can positively impact cognitive and brain health. A study of 95 adults showed that pet owners performed better in cognitive functions, such as processing speed, attention, and episodic memory, and had larger brain structures. The greatest benefits in cognitive health were observed among dog owners. Additionally, pet ownership can reduce “brain age” by up to 15 years, with older adults benefiting from owning more than one pet. These findings suggest that pets, especially dogs, may contribute to protection against cognitive decline in older age (McDonough et al, 2022).Pets can also help reduce symptoms of depression, as confirmed in studies with people experiencing hearing loss, homelessness, and HIV. However, the results are mixed, and some studies have found no link between improved depression symptoms and pet ownership, especially in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and unmarried men (Orford, 2024).Pet owners often consider their pets a part of the family, and research shows that living with a pet can boost self-esteem and reduce loneliness (Orford, 2024). Although the responsibility of pet ownership may seem challenging, it helps structure daily life and gives a sense of purpose and accomplishment. Pet ownership can also motivate us to become better and more organized (UC Davis, 2024).ConclusionWhile pets may offer health benefits, such as reducing stress and depression, improving mental sharpness, and lowering the risk of heart disease, research shows that studies on human-animal interactions are still in the early stages, and these benefits are not universal. For some people, pets may have negative effects, such as increasing stress or causing allergies. Before deciding to get a pet, it’s a good idea to consult with a doctor, and if you’re not interested in owning a pet, the good news is that even watching animals online can reduce stress.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferenceNational Institutes of Health. (2018, February). The power of pets. NIH News in Health. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2018/02/power-petsKemelmakher, A. (2023, November 28). A woman laying on the ground holding a dog [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-laying-on-the-ground-holding-a-dog-UXegqV8op-AUniversity of California, Davis [UC Davis]. (2024, April 11). Health benefits of pets: How your furry friend improves your mental and physical health. UC Davis Health. https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/health-benefits-of-pets-how-your-furry-friend-improves-your-mental-and-physical-health/2024/04. Medically reviewed by J. Sykes.Orford, S. (2024, July 1). 11 Potential Physical and Mental Health Benefits of Pets. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/potential-health-benefits-of-pets#possible-health-benefits. Medically reviewed by V. J. Tavella, DVM, MPH.McDonough, I. M., Erwin, H. B., Sin, N. L., & Allen, R. S. (2022). Pet ownership is associated with greater cognitive and brain health in a cross-sectional sample across the adult lifespan. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, Article 953889. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.953889

Travel can significantly improve physical and mental well-being by offering an escape from daily routines and stress. In a world where people face work overload, daily stress, and reduced time for rest, travel has become essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.Benefits of Travel for Psychological Well-Being and Mental HealthStudies show that regular travel can significantly reduce stress, improve mood, and increase overall well-being. People often report feeling happier before, during, and shortly after travel, and the positive experiences during a trip contribute to a greater sense of life satisfaction (Chen & Petrick, 2013). According to a study from the United Kingdom, people who have the opportunity to travel outside their local area report better self-rated health and a greater sense of control over their lives, while those who are limited in travel report poorer physical and mental health (Anciaes & Metcalfe, 2022). Going on vacation helps relieve stress and tension that builds up during daily routines, allowing for mental and physical relaxation (WebMD Editorial Contributors, 2024). Travel also has the potential to improve creativity and mental abilities. Exposure to new cultures, language learning, and other experiences can contribute to better problem-solving skills and a broader worldview (Chen & Petrick, 2013). Regularly exploring new places and cultures positively impacts mental health by reducing stress and increasing creativity, while occasional escapes from everyday life allow the mind to rest and recharge (WebMD Editorial Contributors, 2024).These studies suggest that while travel can be beneficial for mental health, it does not guarantee long-term effects and should not replace professional therapy, especially in cases of anxiety or depression (WebMD Editorial Contributors, 2024). Although the benefits of travel generally last less than a month, regular travel can extend the feeling of relaxation and reduce the negative effects of stress (Chen & Petrick, 2013).Benefits of Travel for Physical HealthStudies also suggest that travel can improve physical health. While evidence is limited, some research indicates that frequent travel may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, likely due to physical activities associated with travel, such as hiking or other forms of movement (Chen & Petrick, 2013), as well as the reduction of stress during travel, which is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Paper, 2024). Studies show that people who take vacations every two years, compared to those who take vacations every six years, have a lower risk of developing coronary heart disease or heart attacks (Ibid). A 2019 study in the U.S. found that workers who took more vacation days had fewer symptoms of metabolic syndrome (which includes obesity, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance) compared to those who did not take vacation (Hruska, et al., 2019).Social Benefits of TravelRegular travel outside the local area also enhances social inclusion, as it facilitates better connections with friends and family. Reducing social isolation contributes to better mental balance (Anciaes & Metcalfe, 2022). One study showed that couples who engaged in interesting, challenging, and exciting activities during their vacation experienced higher intimacy and relationship satisfaction, which lasted even after returning to daily routines. Vacation also provides an opportunity for siblings to bond in ways they might not during regular life (Paper, 2024).ConclusionAlthough the first association with travel is relaxation and rest, and the mentioned health benefits clearly indicate that travel can significantly contribute to the health of the mind and body, it is necessary to consider that we cannot rely solely on travel as a therapeutic tool. If you are feeling anxious or depressed, it is best to seek professional help (WebMD Editorial Contributors, 2024). Additionally, during travel, one may encounter various health risks, such as changes in weather conditions, pollution, exposure to diseases, and safety concerns. Stress related to international travel, as well as changes in the circadian rhythm, can cause physical and psychological issues, such as migraines or seizures in people with epilepsy. Therefore, before traveling, it is important to be informed about potential risks and take preventive measures (WHO, n.d.).*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferenceAnciaes, P., & Metcalfe, P. (2022). Constraints to travel outside the local area: Effect on social participation and self-rated health. Travel Behaviour and Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.08.003Chen, C.-C., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Health and wellness benefits of travel experiences: A literature review. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 709–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513496477Hruska, B., Pressman, S. D., Bendinskas, K., & Gump, B. B. (2019). Vacation frequency is associated with metabolic syndrome and symptoms. Psychology & Health, 35(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2019.1628962Paper, S. (2024, February 26). Importance of taking a vacation. Allina Health. https://www.allinahealth.org/healthysetgo/thrive/importance-of-taking-a-vacationWebMD Editorial Contributors. (2024, February 25). How travel affects mental health. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/how-travel-affects-mental-healthWhite Field Photo. (2018, November 4). Person standing beside brown leather handbag [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/person-stranding-beside-brown-leather-handbag-thIarMEfujcWorld Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Travel and Health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/travel-and-health#tab=tab_1

Mass gatherings are organized for various religious, social, political, cultural, and sporting reasons. Although these gatherings often offer opportunities for shared experiences and social interaction, they also present a range of health risks for participants. These risks can arise from various factors, including individual factors (such as age or health conditions) and environmental factors (such as adverse weather conditions or inadequate event organization and management). From the spread of infectious diseases to injuries caused by crowding, mass gatherings can pose numerous challenges to physical and mental health (Tavan et al., 2019). While there is potential for increased risks, such as infections, exhaustion, and exposure to adverse weather conditions, only a small number of individuals are affected by these issues. For the majority of participants, mass gatherings may contribute to improved health, providing an opportunity to enhance public health (Hopkins & Reicher, 2016). In this article, we discuss some of the key health risks associated with mass gatherings and offer advice on how to protect yourself.What is a Mass Gathering?A mass gathering is a planned or spontaneous event where the number of people attending may strain the resources of the hosting community or country. Examples of mass gatherings include the Olympic Games, Hajj, and other major sporting, religious, and cultural events. Although mass gatherings may overwhelm health systems, they also provide an opportunity for long-term positive changes, such as strengthening public health systems after the event and better informing the public about disease prevention measures (WHO, 2019).Health Risks at Mass Gatherings1. Infectious Diseases and InfectionsParticipants at mass gatherings are at risk of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, influenza, and pneumococcal infections, which could further threaten global health security. The high concentration of people facilitates disease transmission, which can spread internationally. Additionally, travelers who bring infections into the host country may spread them among other participants, creating a further transmission source, as occurred in Brazil in 2015, just before the Olympic Games with the Zika virus (Gaines & Angelo, 2025).Recommendation: Regular handwashing, wearing masks when necessary, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals are advised. In crowded situations, consider using protective masks and hand sanitizers (Hilton, 2023). Seek medical attention if any signs of infection arise.2. Non-communicable diseasesMass gatherings may be associated with various non-communicable diseases and injuries, including those caused by extreme temperatures, alcohol consumption, drug use, or exposure to toxins. There are also allergic reactions, worsening of existing medical conditions such as diabetes or asthma, as well as potential risks from the deliberate use of chemical agents or radioactive materials (Northwest Center for Public Health Practice, n.d.).Recommendation: If you plan to attend a large gathering, check your health beforehand. Individuals with pre-existing health problems, such as heart disease or respiratory issues, should consult with a doctor. If you notice symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, or fatigue, seek help immediately.3. Injuries and AccidentsCrowds and stampedes can lead to physical injuries. People can get hurt due to pushing, falls, or accidents that happen in chaotic situations. Injuries (cuts, scrapes, bruises, sprains, fractures) are common medical issues at mass gatherings. In rare cases, mass gatherings can lead to major accidents with fatalities. For example, during the 2006 Hajj in Mecca, a stampede caused 346 deaths and at least 289 injuries, while an explosion at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta killed one person and injured 111 others (Northwest Center for Public Health Practice, n.d.). Furthermore, large gatherings increase the risk of suffocation or loss of consciousness due to potentially poor access to emergency medical assistance (Tavan et al., 2019).Recommendation: When attending mass gatherings, it is important to plan your movement and whereabouts during the event. Avoid crowds and always follow the organizer’s safety instructions. Remember the locations of exits, first aid stations, and other safety points, as they may be crucial in case of an emergency. In case of an accident or panic, stay calm and quickly move towards exits or safe places. If you find yourself in a crowd, try to walk in rhythm with others and watch out for obstacles like litter. If you fall, get up quickly or seek help. In case of a stampede, it is important not to panic and to keep moving towards safe areas. If someone around you is injured, immediately inform emergency services (Sreenivas, 2024).4. Dehydration and ExhaustionDehydration is a common risk at mass gatherings, especially outdoors or during physical activity (Hilton, 2023). Prolonged exposure to the sun, crowds, and physical exertion can lead to dehydration or heatstroke. High temperatures and physical exhaustion, especially during summer months, increase the risk of heart problems, low blood pressure, and other serious health conditions (Tavan et al., 2019).Recommendation: Carry a water bottle, consume alcohol in moderation, and drink electrolyte solutions. It is also important to drink water regularly and take breaks in shaded areas (Hilton, 2023). If the event is outdoors, use sunscreen with a high SPF, wear lightweight clothing with UV protection, and a hat. Those with health conditions such as cardiovascular disease should consult a doctor before attending such events.5. Mental HealthStress, anxiety, and other mental health challenges can be triggered by mass gatherings, especially if an individual is prone to claustrophobia or panic attacks. Large crowds can create a sense of losing control, which can affect a person’s psychological state (Tavan et al., 2019).Recommendation: Participants should be informed in advance about the event, its schedule, layout, and potential challenges. Familiarity with the environment can reduce stress caused by uncertainty. Social or psychological support, along with relaxation techniques, can help alleviate stress and other difficulties.ConclusionMass gatherings can be an opportunity for unforgettable experiences but also carry the risk of numerous health problems. By taking precautions such as maintaining personal hygiene, staying hydrated, protecting yourself from the sun, and carefully monitoring the situation at the event, you can significantly reduce these risks. Always remember to prioritize your health and well-being, so you can safely enjoy shared moments with others. After the mass gathering, it is important to rest, eat nutritious foods, and monitor any symptoms that may indicate health problems. Follow up on your health in the coming days and seek medical attention if symptoms persist (Hilton, 2023).*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ReferenceGaines, J., & Angelo, K. (2025, January 31). Mass gatherings. In CDC Yellow Book 2024: Travel for work & other reasons. National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/work-and-other-reasons/mass-gatheringsHilton, M. (November 30, 2023). Mass gathering medicine 101: Staying healthy in crowded spaces. Retrieved from https://drmichaelhilton.net/mass-gathering-medicine/mass-gathering-medicine-101-staying-healthy-in-crowded-spaces/Hopkins, N., & Reicher, S. (2016). The psychology of health and well-being in mass gatherings: A review and a research agenda. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 6(2), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2015.06.001Northwest Center for Public Health Practice. (n.d.). Mass gatherings: Are you prepared? University of Washington. https://www.nwcphp.org/docs/mass_gatherings/mass_gathering_print_version.pdfSneddon, R. (2024, June 10). A crowd of people taking pictures with their cell phones [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-crowd-of-people-taking-pictures-with-their-cell-phones-c-uhtlCHvfs Sreenivas, S. (2024, November 20). Stampede: What to know. WebMD. Medically reviewed by J. Robinson, MD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/stampede-what-to-knowTavan, A., Tafti, A. D., Nekoie-Moghadam, M., Ehrampoush, M., Vafaei Nasab, M. R., Tavangar, H., & Fallahzadeh, H. (2019). Risks threatening the health of people participating in mass gatherings: A systematic review. Journal of education and health promotion, 8, 209. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_214_19World Health Organization [WHO]. (2019). Emergencies: WHO's role in mass gatherings. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/what-is-who-s-role-in-mass-gatherings

Cesarean section is a birth performed as a surgical procedure. In this way, the baby is born through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus, instead of through a natural birth canal. This operation can be planned in advance or necessary as an emergency intervention if complications arise during childbirth. Although a cesarean section is often a safe option, it carries certain risks and requires a longer recovery period compared to a vaginal-natural birth.Given that this method of birth isn't natural, there are several medical reasons why a cesarean section is recommended, the most common are:Position of the baby - If the baby is in a breech or transverse position, vaginal delivery may be difficult or impossible, and in that case, a cesarean section is the best option.Multiple pregnancy - When a pregnant woman has more than one fetus, she's carrying twins, triplets, or more babies, it's more likely that a c-section will be needed.Fetal distress - This complication occurs during childbirth when the baby doesn't get enough oxygen, which affects its health. In this situation, a cesarean section may be necessary to avoid serious complications.Previous C-section - Although some women may attempt a vaginal delivery after a C-section, in most cases a repeat C-section may be a safer option.Placenta previa - A condition in pregnancy characterized by the growth of the placenta so that it covers the cervix, making vaginal delivery dangerous, because it is partially or completely closed.Macrosomia - When a baby is significantly above average weight, a vaginal birth can carry a high risk of injury to both mother and child, making a C-section a safer option for both.Advantages of cesarean sectionCesarean section has certain advantages, especially in cases where vaginal delivery carries a high risk for mother and baby. In a situation such as a complicated birth, a cesarean section reduces the risk of trauma to the baby, and ensures a reduced risk of injury to the baby.Also, some studies suggest that women who give birth surgically, by c-section, have a lower risk of bladder control problems and pelvic organ prolapse compared to those who went through a natural birth. Another advantage is that this method of birth is planned in advance, bringing security and less stress, because the situation is predictable.Risks and potential complicationsCesarean section is a relatively safe procedure, but it also carries certain risks, both for the mother and the baby. This procedure can lead to various infections of the wound, uterus, or urinary tract because this is a surgical procedure. Considering this and compared to vaginal delivery, recovery after cesarean section takes much longer, often including abdominal pain and limited mobility in the first weeks after delivery due to the wound itself.Women who have had a C-section have a slightly higher risk of complications in subsequent pregnancies, including abnormal placentation, and babies born by C-section may have an increased risk of transient tachypnea (rapid breathing) after birth.Postoperative recovery and careRecovery from a cesarean section can take several weeks. In this case, doctors recommend rest and a gradual increase in activity, without sudden movements and lifting heavy objects. Proper wound care is essential during this period, in order to avoid infections and proper healing, and you should also pay attention to nutrition and sufficient fluid intake.C-section is a demanding medical procedure that enables a safe delivery in situations where vaginal delivery isn't possible or is risky for mother and baby. Although it carries certain risks in some situations and a longer recovery period, in many cases its advantages outweigh all complications. That is why it is necessary to inform yourself and consult with your chosen doctor in time so that making a decision about the method of delivery is as easy as possible.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/man-in-green-long-sleeve-shirt-sitting-beside-man-in-white-long-sleeve-shirt-YSbvqo9YLHAReferencesAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2020). Cesarean birth. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/cesarean-birthWorld Health Organization. (2021). WHO recommendations on non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550338Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Cesarean section. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/cesarean-section

Back pain, most commonly in the lower back, is difficult to avoid in the modern world. Many jobs require long periods of sitting or similar activities which can put pressure on the ack. These types of pain can vary, they can be blunt and constant, or rather sharp and sudden. Still, there are ways to alleviate the symptoms and avoid further injury.Back pain is one of the most common health issues, studies suggest that 8 in 10 people have problems with back pain during their lifetime. Studies also suggest that 23% of adults around the world suffer from chronic lower back pain. Acute back pain is sudden and often lasts between a few days and a few weeks, while chronic back pain lasts more than three months.You can find more information about chronic pain here (link).Back pain can be caused by a multitude of factors, physical trauma, problems in any part of the spine, degeneration of the musculoskeletal system brought on by aging or other pathologies, the effects of cancer, infections, inflammations, metabolism of bone tissue, bad posture or even because of psychiatric conditions.Understanding the causes of pain early on is key to effective treatment. A thorough history of the symptoms as well as a physical examination are necessary. Acute back pain is usually caused by trauma or sudden changes in some other pathological condition. Chronic pain is often connected to longer-lasting conditions and causes.Other information concerning the pain, like the type of pain, specific localization, and stimuli that worsen or better the pain, can be critical in formulating an efficient treatment plan.Improvements in the general physical condition of the individual can do a lot to prevent back pain. Strengthening back muscles and education on how to properly use them can play a key role in this problem. Different exercises can in many ways improve the strength and endurance of the back. Walking, cycling or swimming can be a good choice for aerobic exercises which don’t put a lot of strain on the back and so don’t carry much risk. Exercises that focus on the back and abdominal muscles help better functioning and lessen the strain on the back. Lesser body weight also helps, excess weight can stress the back. Changes in lifestyle, such as higher levels of physical activity, proper posture, correct lifting techniques, a healthy diet, or quitting smoking, can all help in the prevention and regulation of back pain symptoms.If the pain is present for longer periods of time or is intense you shouldn’t consider exercising without consulting a healthcare professional.Sometimes back pain can pass all by itself, in case it doesn’t improve in the span of a few weeks it is necessary to visit a doctor. A visit to the doctor is also needed if you notice other symptoms accompanying back pain, these are:-   Numbness and tingling-   Intense pain which is unresponsive to medication-   Pain after a fall or injury-   Pain accompanied by urinary problems, weakness, numbness or pain in the legs, a fever, and unexpected weight loss.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/ai-generated-back-back-pain-pain-9146625/Branch, N. S. C. a. O. (2025, January 8). Back pain. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/back-painCasiano, V. E., Sarwan, G., Dydyk, A. M., & Varacallo, M. A. (2023, December 11). Back pain. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538173/How to manage low back pain before it gets worse | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine. (n.d.). NIH MedlinePlus Magazine. https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/how-to-manage-low-back-pain-before-it-gets-worse

Omega-3 fatty acids are healthy fats that can play multiple important roles in the body’s health. They have multiple functions and fall into the category of essential nutrients; the body can’t synthesize enough of them on its own, so it needs to have an additional intake of these fats through diet.Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats, saturated fats are considered “bad” and unhealthy, and avoiding them in large quantities is recommended. Saturated fats increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. On the other hand, unsaturated fats (polyunsaturated and monounsaturated) are considered healthy, and studies show that they benefit the functioning of the heart and brain. Other than this, these fats are also known for their positive effects on the visual system, immune system, hormonal balance, and reproductive health.Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish and seafood in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and in plants mainly in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). People often consume an adequate amount of ALA through plant-based foods like plant oils, nuts, dark-leaved vegetables like spinach, linseed, chia seeds, soy oil… People don’t get enough DHA and EPA because they are found only in fish, seafood, algae, and clams.Even though our body can turn the ALA it eats into EPA and DHA, this process provides only a small amount of these acids, and it is still necessary to consume them through diet.Omega-3 fatty acids provide significant health benefits to the cardiovascular system. They lower the levels of triglycerides in the blood which helps lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes. They also help improve HDL (good) cholesterol levels and lower blood pressure. Other than this, omega-3 fatty acids lower the risk of complications with heart diseases, lower the risk of blood clots, lower the risk of arrhythmia and the risk of complications with arrhythmia.Except for the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, they can help lower the risk of development in some forms of cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and age-related macular degeneration.Other than this, studies suggest benefits in brain function, improving a healthy pregnancy, and preventive functions when it comes to depression and anxiety disorders.Studies suggest that incorporating fish (especially fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids) into a diet at a level of two meals per week is enough for these benefits to have a significant effect.Fish which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids include:- Salmon- Sardines- Mackerel- Cod- Herring- Lake trout- Canned light tunaMany people cannot achieve an adequate intake of omega-3 fatty acids with diet alone and so turn to supplements. Fish oils, algae oils, cod liver oils and alike are all supplements in the form of pills which have the purpose to improve intake of omega-3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA.In case you wish to take these supplements, it is advised to consult a doctor or medical professional. Clinical studies are divided on the efficacy and safety depending on the specific person taking them. Also, some of these supplements can have negative and dangerous interactions with other medicaments, so caution is advised.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/salmon-fish-seafood-silver-skin-3139387/Office of Dietary Supplements - Omega-3 fatty acids. (n.d.). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-Consumer/Office of Dietary Supplements - Omega-3 fatty acids. (n.d.). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/Professional, C. C. M. (2024, May 1). Omega-3 fatty acids. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/17290-omega-3-fatty-acids

Pregnancy screening tests are the basis of today's prenatal care, and they are important for monitoring and detecting possible problems related to pregnancy or the baby's health. Screening tests are preventive and completely non-invasive and serve exclusively to detect a problem and the need for further testing, not to make a diagnosis. These tests are actually a diagnostic tool that is used for risk assessment of certain conditions or disorders of the fetus.There are different types of screening tests, and these are some of them:First-trimester screening or "Double test", is performed between the 11th and 14th weeks of pregnancy, and it's the first basic prenatal test. This test includes an ultrasound examination and blood analysis, and it's preferably to be done on the same day.Ultrasound examination measures certain parameters and blood analysis measures two hormonal markers - free beta-hCG and PAPP-A (protein). The examination also takes the individual characteristics of the pregnant woman into consideration, age, weight, and the type of pregnancy (twin pregnancy, in vitro fertilization). Based on the results we can detect chromosomal anomalies or chromosomal pathologies, the test is 80% reliable, and it can indicate the presence of Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome. If the results indicate the presence of some anomalies, pregnant women are advised to do the "Triple test".Screening in the second trimester of pregnancy or the "Triple" and "Quad" test is performed between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy. For this test we measure the concentration of hormonal markers from the mother's blood and for the Triple test it's the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), estriol and beta-hCGa, and the Quad test includes inhibin A.Non-invasive prenatal testing – NIPT is one more type of screening test and its an advanced form of screening, which involves the analysis of fetal DNA from the mother’s blood. This type of test can be done from the 10th week of pregnancy, and based on the results we can easily notice chromosomal disorders such as trisomy 21, 18, 13, as well as sex chromosome disorders. The NIPT test has a very high percentage of accuracy and is increasingly used as a standard prenatal test.The advantages of screening tests are the early detection of genetic abnormalities and defects in fetal development, safety, non-invasiveness, and accessibility. The disadvantages of these tests are limitations because they only focus on certain chromosomal disorders and do not cover all possible genetic or developmental disorders. Besides these tests aren't 100% sure in terms of accuracy, and they do not provide a definitive diagnosis.Screening tests are an indispensable part of prenatal care during pregnancy, allowing us to monitor the health of the pregnant woman and baby with additional information about possible problems.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/baby-belly-body-child-expectant-18937/ReferenceNHS. (n.d.). Screening tests in pregnancy. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/your-pregnancy-care/screening-tests/Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Common tests during pregnancy. Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/common-tests-during-pregnancyCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Birth defects screening. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/screening/index.html

Chemical peeling is one of the most popular treatments in dermatology and aesthetic medicine. This treatment involves the application of chemical substances to the skin in order to remove the surface layers and stimulate regeneration. As a result of the treatment are expected even complexion, improved skin texture and reduction of signs of aging. In the rest of the text, we will explain in detail what chemical peeling is, what types of it exist, how it works, and what are advantages, risks and recommendations for recovery.What is a chemical peel?Chemical peeling is a medical-aesthetic treatment that uses solutions of different acids to remove damaged skin layers. Through this process, cell renewal is encouraged, peeling can help treat a variety of problems, such as hyperpigmentation, acne, wrinkles, scars and sun damaged skin. Chemical peeling includes different levels of intensity such as: superficial, medium deep and deep peeling and it's necessary to adapt it to the needs of each patient.The types of chemical peels that exist are classified according to the depth of action, so they are distinguished as follows:A superficial peel that involves the use of a mild acid, such as glycolic or salicylic, and removes only the surface layer of the epidermis. It's ideal for refreshing the complexion, reducing oiliness, and improving texture.Medium-deep peeling penetrates into the deeper layers of the epidermis and uses acids such as trichloroacetic acid (TCA). It's used to treat moderate wrinkles, pigmentation, and superficial scars.The last and most intense form of peeling is the so-called Deep Peeling, and this treatment uses strong acids such as phenol to reach the dermis. The results are drastically more noticeable, but the recovery process is longer and the treatment requires greater caution when performing it.Chemical peeling treatment begins with an assessment of the condition of the skin by an expert. After cleaning the skin, a suitable chemical solution is applied, where the acids cause controlled damage to the skin, which stimulates the natural regeneration process. Dead skin cells are sloughed off over the next few days, and underneath is a new, healthier layer of skin.There are many advantages of chemical peeling, but we will highlight some of them:Rejuvenation of the skin by stimulating the production of collagen, which improves the elasticity and firmness of the skin.A more even complexion because the exfoliation has the effect of removing hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and sun damage.Reduction of acne and scars, especially if salicylic acid is used for exfoliation, because the removal of fat and pores are cleaned, and medium-deep peels also affect the reduction of acne scars.In addition to the above, there are also advantages such as the improvement of skin texture and the speed of the procedure, since most treatments last from 30 to 60 minutes and don't require a long stay in the clinic.Like any aesthetic treatment, chemical peeling carries certain risks. Possible side effects of the treatment include redness, swelling, flaking and sun sensitivity. Complications such as infections, permanent pigmentation or scars can occur with deep peels, so it is crucial that the treatment is performed by a professional.After this type of treatment, it's necessary to use sun protection, because the skin is particularly sensitive after peeling. Moisturizers also help reduce the feeling of tightness and speed up recovery, and products containing retinol or alcohol should be avoided after the treatment.Ideal candidates for chemical peeling are people with mild to moderate skin problems such as hyperpigmentation, wrinkles, or acne. The treatment isn't recommended for pregnant women, nursing mothers, or people with active skin infections or inflammations.Chemical peeling is an effective and quick treatment for various types of skin problems. It has gained popularity due to its ability to provide visible results with a minimally invasive approach. Proper preparation, expert performance and proper post treatment care are key to achieving optimal results.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/woman-cosmetics-wellness-young-7487430/ReferencesAmerican Society for Dermatologic Surgery. (n.d.). Chemical peels. American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Preuzeto 22.januara 2025, sa https://www.asds.net/skin-experts/skin-treatments/chemical-peelsCleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Chemical peels: Types of peels, conditions treated, what to expect. Cleveland Clinic. Preuzeto 22.januara 2025, sa https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11010-chemical-peels

Bleeding after sexual intercourse can cause discomfort and panic for many women and their partners. Although in some cases it may be harmless, in others it may indicate more serious health problems. In the following text, we'll analyze the possible causes of bleeding, diagnostic and treatment methods, as well as expert recommendations for prevention.Possible causes of bleeding after sexual intercourseBleeding after sexual intercourse, i.e. postcoital bleeding, has different causes and these are the most common:1. Injury or irritation of the vaginal tissue often occurs during rough or insufficiently moist intercourse, and this can cause small wounds or scratches on the vaginal mucosa and worsen the occurrence of bleeding.2. Infections are the second most common cause, and sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, can cause inflammation of the cervix, which also leads to bleeding.3. Polyps and other benign growths (lesions) are non-cancerous growths that can bleed during or after intercourse, and their cause is irritation caused by friction.4. Hormonal changes such as decreased estrogen levels in menopausal women can cause vaginal dryness and atrophic vaginitis, which can lead to bleeding.5. Cervical cancer is rarer than previously mentioned causes, but postcoital bleeding can be an early symptom of cervical cancer, especially in women who haven't had regular preventive tests (Pap test).Diagnosis of postcoital bleedingDiagnosis of the cause of bleeding after sexual intercourse includes, first of all, a thorough medical history, and then a physical examination by a specialist. The doctor may perform the following diagnostic tests to determine the cause of the bleeding:• Gynecological examination during which the cervix is ​​also examined and the presence of lesions, polyps, or signs of infection can be identified.• Pap tests and HPV testing are tests used to detect precancerous changes on the cervix.• Microbiological tests used to diagnose sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis.• An ultrasound examination can help to assess abnormalities in the area of ​​the ovaries and uterus.Treatments and preventionTreatment depends on the underlying cause of postcoital bleeding. If the cause is irritation or vaginal dryness, the doctor may recommend water-based lubricants or therapy that includes estrogen. If infections are present, antibiotics are the standard treatment, and when polyps are the cause, surgical removal is possible to prevent further bleeding and more serious injury.Prevention is a basic method to prevent bleeding after intercourse, so it is recommended:• Using adequate lubricants during intercourse.• Maintaining regular gynecological examinations and preventive (Pap) tests.• Avoiding rough penetration that can cause injuries to the vaginal tissue.• Proper hygiene and protection against sexually transmitted infections by using contraception - condoms.Bleeding after intercourse can have a variety of causes, from harmless injuries to serious medical conditions such as cervical cancer. Timely diagnosis and adequate treatment are key to preventing complications and preserving reproductive health. Regular examinations at the gynecologist and responsible sexual behavior are key to significantly reducing the risk of postcoital bleeding and its causes. *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/person-standing-on-white-ceramic-floor-tiles-95-cYFObGH0ReferencesMedPark Hospital. (n.d.). Postcoital bleeding (bleeding after sex). Preuzeto 29, januara 2025, sa https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/postcoital-bleeding-bleeding-after-sexTarney, C. M., & Han, J. (2014). Postcoital bleeding: A review on etiology, diagnosis, and management. Obstetrics and Gynecology International, 2014, 192087. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/192087

Aloe vera is a plant of the cactus type that is widely distributed in the world and is best known for its medicinal properties. It's very easy to grow, which is why it has been used for centuries in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, and also in the food industry. This plant is easy to recognize because it has thick, fleshy, and pointed leaves that reach a length of 30 to 50 centimeters. Each leaf is full of mucous tissue in which this plant stores water, and contains a lot of useful bioactive compounds.Its ability to hydrate, soothe, and regenerate the skin makes it one of the most popular natural ingredients in skin care products. This plant, in addition to numerous bioactive components, also contains vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and antioxidants, which have a beneficial effect on the skin. In the following text, you will read more about the most important effects of aloe vera on skin health and its benefits.One of the main benefits of aloe vera is its ability to moisturize. Aloe vera leaf gel is about 99% water, making it a perfect natural moisturizer. In addition, the gel contains polysaccharides that help retain moisture in the skin, which contributes to softness and elasticity. Various studies have shown that regular use of aloe vera-based products can significantly improve the hydration of dry and sensitive skin and contribute to its appearance.Aloe vera has powerful anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce redness, swelling, and early skin irritations. This makes it particularly useful for people suffering from skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. Various clinical studies have been conducted that have shown that the application of aloe vera can significantly reduce the symptoms of inflammatory conditions on the skin.Aloe vera is also known for its ability to speed up the healing process of wounds and burns. Research has shown that aloe vera gel can increase the production of collagen, which is crucial for regeneration, which is why its use in burn and wound creams is great. In this way, it enables faster restoration of damaged skin and accelerates recovery.This "queen of medicinal plants" has both natural antibacterial and antifungal properties, which makes it useful in the treatment of acne and other skin infections. Aloe vera extract can help reduce the growth of bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes, which are associated with acne. Also, due to its high salicylic acid content, aloe vera can help unclog pores and reduce skin inflammation.Aloe vera also contains numerous antioxidants, including vitamins A, C and E, which help neutralize free radicals responsible for premature skin aging. Regular use of aloe vera products can help reduce wrinkles, improve skin elasticity and prevent oxidative stress, which is one of the main causes of skin aging. In this way, the skin will be healthier, but also visually more beautiful.Aloe vera is an extremely useful plant when it comes to skin health. Her ability to hydrate, calm inflammatory processes, accelerate wound healing, provide antibacterial protection and slow aging has made it an indispensable ingredient in cosmetic and medical products for decades. Scientific evidence and various studies confirm her numerous benefits, making it one of the most valued natural ingredients for skin care.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/aloe-aloe-vera-aloe-vera-leaf-4268797/ReferencesMedical News Today. (n.d.). Aloe vera: Benefits and medical uses. Preuzeto 30,januara 2025, sa https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318591#antioxidant-and-antibacterial-effectsGupta, R., Malhotra, A., & Singh, A. (2019). Aloe vera in dermatology: A brief review. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 12(1), 34-40. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6330525/Healthline. (n.d.). Aloe vera for face: Uses and benefits. Preuzeto 30,januara 2025, sa https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/aloe-vera-for-face

Electronic cigarettes, or “e-cigarettes,” are modern devices that are more commonly used as an alternative to smoking real tobacco cigarettes. These products are becoming more popular with time, especially with a younger audience, and even attracting a population that has never smoked traditional cigarettes before. Cigarettes have nasty effects on health; you can read more about it here.These alternatives to traditional tobacco cigarettes are not healthy, though. What are the effects of e-cigarettes or vapes on health?E – E-cigarettes trade burning tobacco with the heating of “e-liquids,” which produces an aerosol that is inhaled by the same principle as tobacco smoke. This has led some companies to claim that e-cigarettes cause less health risk to the respiratory system than traditional tobacco. Besides this, the variable levels of nicotine and the different flavors that these products offer create an attractive alternative for many smokers. Still, studies don’t have enough evidence to suggest that e-cigarettes should be prescribed and used as an effective method of kicking the smoking habit, even though they can satisfy the nicotine craving.Studies show that e-cigarettes can be safer than conventional cigarettes, but short-term adverse effects have been noted. What is also worrying is that the long-term adverse effects of e-cigarettes are still unknown because of the relatively short time these products have been on the market and the absence of research.E-cigarettes create several damaging chemicals, among which are acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde, which can cause severe respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Consuming these products also carries risks of causing or worsening asthma, lung scarring, addiction… It should be noted that different manufacturers can use different chemical components in their products. The regulation of these products, as well as the opinions on the levels of their danger, aren’t agreed upon worldwide. On the other hand, it’s easy to order online from abroad, and many cases of incorrect labeling to avoid regulation have been confirmed worldwide.So, e-cigarettes could be an alternative to, or a method of quitting, smoking traditional cigarettes with less harmful consequences. Still, this requires strict industry regulation and numerous more toxicological studies to illuminate these products' health risks. *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/vape-nature-girl-smoke-forest-4582482/Banks, E., Yazidjoglou, A., & Joshy, G. (2023). Electronic cigarettes and health outcomes: epidemiological and public health challenges. International Journal of Epidemiology, 52(4), 984–992. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyad059Marques, P., Piqueras, L., & Sanz, M. (2021). An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health. Respiratory Research, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01737-5Popova, L., & Ling, P. M. (2013). Alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation: a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 923–930. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.301070

Grčevi kod bebaGrčevi kod beba predstavljaju veoma čest problem i javljaju se u prvih nekoliko dana ili nedelja nakon rodjenja. Prema istraživanju od 20% do 40% beba ima problem sa grčevima, a obično se javljaju oko 2 nedelje i mogu da traju sve do petog meseca. Iako beba ne može da nam kaže da ima bolove i da joj je nelagodno, prepoznaćemo krz promene u ponašanju. Beba postane dodatno nervozna i mrzovoljna, ima promene u pražnjenju creva, rutini spavanja ili ishrani. Još jedan od načina da se problem prepozna je neprestano i učestalo plakanje. Iako je ovo učestao problem idalje je predmet istraživanja zbog složenosti i različitog uticaja na svaku bebu. Uzrok javljanja grčeva i dalje nije poznat, ali je pretpostavka da je to složen proces fizioloških i psiholoških faktora. Smatra se da je izazvan zbog nedovoljno razvijenog probavnog sistema, osetljivosti na mleko ili pak zbog uticaja psiholoških faktora. Simptomi kod grčeva uključuju iznenadan plač koji nekad traje satima, crvenilo u licu tokom plakanja, povlačenja nogu prema stomaku i stiskanja pesnica. Plač nije moguće smiriti na uobičajen način, hranjenjem ili umirivanjem. S obzirom na sve navedeno i na nejasan uzrok ne postoji poseban tretman, ali postoji nekoliko načina da pomognemo bebi. Pre svega upotreba probiotika ili kapi za grčeve možda pomogne, ali je potrebno prvo posetiti pedijatra i konsultovati se. Ostale tehnike koje možemo da isprobamo kako bi pomogli bebi su ukoliko majka doji promena ishrane i eliminisanje mlečnih proizvoda, ukoliko joj smeta laktoza. Za bebe koje koriste formulu neophodno je da se zameni sa hipoalergenskom formulom. Masaža bebinog stomaka u smeru kazaljke na satu i blage vežbe pomažu u ublažavanju grčeva i oslobadjanju gasova. Još jedna stvar koja može da pomogne je da bebu nosimo i ljuljamo ili da joj uvedemo bele šumove, odnosno zvukove usisivača, fena ili ventilatora. Umotavanje bebe, tople kupke i tople obloge na stomaku takodje mogu biti od pomoći. Pored uticaja na bebu, grčevi imaju veliki uticaj i na roditelje, jer izazivaju stres i doprinose da se osećamo bespomoćno. Zato je neophodno da potražimo pomoć od lekara, porodice i prijatelja kako bi ovaj period što lakše preprodili i ostavili iza nas. Grčevi su jedan veliki izazov koji ne utiče samo na bebu već i na celu porodicu. Zbog toga je neophodno potražiti pomoć i probati što više različitih varijanti smirivanja bebe kako bi pronašli onu koja deluje I koja joj pomaže.Reference American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Abdominal pains in infants. HealthyChildren.org. Retrieved December 25, 2024, from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Abdominal-Pains-in-Infants.aspxColic in babiesColic in babies is a very common problem and occurs in the first few days or weeks after they're born. According to the research, 20% to 40% of babies have a problem with cramps, and they usually appear when the baby is 2 weeks old and can last up to the baby's fifth month. Although the baby can't tell us that it's in pain and uncomfortable, we will recognize it through their change in regular behavior. The baby becomes extra nervous and has changes in bowel movement, sleep routine, or feeding. Another way to recognize the problem is constant and frequent crying. Besides this is a common problem, it's still the subject of research because it's complex and has a different impact on each baby.The cause of cramps is still unknown, but we assume that it's a complex process of physiological and psychological factors. It's considered that the cause is an insufficiently developed digestive system, sensitivity to milk, or the influence of psychological factors. Symptoms include sudden crying that sometimes lasts for hours, face becoming red while crying, pulling the legs towards the stomach and making the fists. It is not possible to calm the crying in the usual way by feeding or soothing.With all of the above and the unclear cause, there is no specific treatment, but there are several ways to help the baby. First of all, using probiotics or colic drops may help, but it's necessary to visit the pediatrician first and have a consultation. Other techniques that we can try to help the baby is to change the mother's nutrition, if the mother is breastfeeding and eliminate milk products, in case lactose bothers the baby. For babies that are fed with formula, it's necessary to replace it with a hypoallergenic one. Massaging the baby's belly in a clockwise direction and gentle exercises also help relieve colic and release gas. Another thing that can help is to carry and cuddle the baby or to make white noise to it, which are the sounds of vacuum cleaners, hair dryers, or fans. Wrapping the baby, warm baths, and warm compresses on the stomach can also be helpful.Besides the fact that cramps have an impact on the baby, they also have a great impact on the parents as well, because they cause stress and contribute to a feeling of helplessness. That is why it is necessary to ask for help from doctors, family, and friends in order to get through this hard period as easily as possible and leave it behind us.Cramps are a big challenge that affects not only the baby but also the whole family. Because of that, it's necessary to seek help and try as many different variants of calming the baby as possible, so we can find the one that works and helps the baby.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/person-carrying-baby-lP51ekRTh9YReferencesAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Abdominal pains in infants. HealthyChildren.org. Retrieved December 25, 2024, from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/abdominal/Pages/Abdominal-Pains-in-Infants.aspx

Probiotics contain bacteria and yeast which have positive effects on health. Probiotics are microbe food elements which are consumed in certain amounts and their presence has beneficial effects on numerous aspects of health. Consuming probiotics only adds to the population of these useful microbes that already exist in the organism. They can naturally be found in fermented dairy products and fermented vegetables.Probiotics are known as “good” bacteria, they foremost help the digestive system and gut health. They are most often consumed through supplements or through food that contains probiotics like yogurt, kefir, or sauerkraut.Probiotics help with restoring the natural bacterial balance in the gut and intestines when it is disturbed by some kind of illness or irritation. They are also commonly used when medicament treatments have consequences on gut health, like with antibiotics.Still, not all probiotics are the same, different types of probiotics are used for different syndromes and problems. A good idea is to consult a doctor or health professional to find the best possible choice for a specific situation.Some people consume probiotics daily, to keep their gut and stomach health regulated. A healthy gut microbiome can significantly help people who are predisposed to have problems with stomach and intestine health. It helps strengthen the immune system, lessens inflammation, and promotes healthy bowel movements. Everyday things like diet and stress exposure can damage gut health, taking probiotics on a daily level can help some people recover and keep gut health.Studies have shown that probiotics have significant potential when it comes to some conditions:-   Diarrhea associated with antibiotics-   Treatment of periodontal disease-   Induction or maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis-   Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in prematurely born children-   The treatment of colic in newbornsNumerous studies have been conducted regarding probiotics and their effects on health. Still, scientific research has not completely uncovered the specific ways in which specific probiotics affect the body. It is best to consult a doctor or expert regarding the choice of probiotics.Few studies exist regarding the safety of probiotics, but they seem safe for the general population. Studies suggest that there exists a small chance that probiotics can be risky for certain groups that have a compromised immune system. This mostly refers to people who take immunosuppressive drugs, people with serious medical illnesses, and prematurely born children. The risk is that the probiotic might contain unhealthy bacteria along with the healthy ones, this happens because the microbes are so small and if the product isn’t rigorously tested. These mistakes are rare and don’t pose any kind of threat to individuals with a healthy immune system.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-bunch-of-pills-g8AZXNVkbq0Professional, C. C. M. (2024, June 19). Probiotics. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/14598-probioticsProbiotics: usefulness and safety. (n.d.). NCCIH. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics-usefulness-and-safety 

Mental health is one of the most important factors that affect the general quality of life of people. Problems with mental health can manifest in many ways. When speaking about mental health it is important to understand that it doesn’t only concern mental disorders but the general mental state as well, be it good or bad. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined mental health as: “a state of well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community”. This type of definition emphasizes the importance of not looking at it as just an absence of disorder, and that mental health is largely dependent on the possibilities of the person realizing their potential.This type of definition has significant importance when it comes to psychotherapeutic practice, and the lessening of the stigmatization surrounding mental health in society, which is very important. Stigma and taboo in society by which many view mental health problems as weakness or “craziness” are still very present. Still, it remains that these factors of mental health, which concern potential and living a fulfilled life, are far more difficult to measure than clear symptoms and diagnosis.In a study conducted by GIZ in 2022, the results have shown that in a Serbian sample population, approximately one-third can be considered psychologically vulnerable. 15% of the population shows symptoms of depression, 7,2% shows symptoms of anxiety and 1,6% has a high risk of suicide. Also, 2,9% of the population has reported being hospitalized due to difficulties with mental health at least once in their lives and 8,1% reported that they have received a mental disorder diagnosis in their lifetime. The results also stated that at least every third person had experiences close to a person who had mental health problems. A significant stigma has also been demonstrated, regarding the problems of mental health in Serbia, as well as a high percentage of people who do not seek help even though they are suffering from significant mental health problems. This decision to not seek help is significantly influenced by the financial status of the person as well as the self-stigma that the person possesses towards these issues, these people understand seeking professional help as an act of personal failure.The systemic removal of stigma and the improvement of education regarding issues of mental health is key. On the other hand, in the absence of adequate infrastructure, it often falls onto the individuals to self-educate and inform themselves, as well as positively affect both themselves and others.Problems regarding mental health can be caused by numerous factors and their interactions, most often this is a combination of genetic predispositions and surrounding factors. The abuse of psychoactive substances can often worsen the risk factors that lead to these disorders but can also appear afterward, as an unhealthy and self-destructive way for the person to deal with their problems. Many mental disorders often appear together, or combined, not attending to these problems and trying to deal with them alone can most often only lead to worse outcomes. Mental health problems and disorders can have numerous negative effects on one’s life and the lives of those surrounding them, from problems at work, school, or interpersonal relationships, to substance abuse, self-harm, and even suicide.If you, or someone close to you, are faced with problems regarding mental health, it is good to keep in mind that seeking help or conversation from a close person is far better than not seeking help at all. A close person can provide support and help with the problems or potential involvement of professionals.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/a-man-holds-his-head-while-sitting-on-a-sofa-BuNWp1bL0nc Tadic, M., Terzic-Supic, Z., Todorovic, J., Kilibarda, B., Santric-Milicevic, M., Dusanovic-Pjevic, M., & Milicevic, S. (2023). Psychological distress in the Republic of Serbia, the association of social characteristics and Substance use on a national Representative sample of Serbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7), 5321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075321Reed, G. M. (2024). What’s in a name? Mental disorders, mental health conditions and psychosocial disability. World Psychiatry, 23(2), 209–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21190

Laser epilation is one of the modern aesthetic treatments that is used to remove unwanted hair from the body and face in a completely efficient and non-invasive way. If you're tired of shaving, waxing or using an epilator then laser hair removal is a treatment you should consider.For performing this treatment are used specialized lasers that use concentrated light beams to target melanin - the pigment in the hair follicle. In this way, the rays are converted into heat that destroys the hair follicle and hair root itself and prevents or reduces regrowth without damaging the skin. The treatment is more effective for people with darker body hair and light skin, but there are more advanced lasers that give the same results on lighter hair and other skin types. The advantage of the treatment is that it offers permanent results, it's fast, and precise, and helps to improve the skin's appearance. The day before the treatment it's necessary to shave the hairs from the region that will be treated, and a few days before the arrival it is necessary to stay away from the sun, use depilatory creams, and remove hairs with wax, in order to preserve the hair follicles. Before treatment, lasers need to be adapted to your skin and hair type and tested on a smaller area to determine that it is ideal for you. During the treatment, you need to wear protective glasses to protect the eyes from the laser light, and they need to apply cooling gel on your skin to reduce discomfort from the burning sensation. Laser hair removal needs to be done in multiple treatments, usually 6 to 8 treatments, but it depends on the individual, also winter is the ideal time to start these treatments to get your skin ready for summer. After treatment, we can't expose skin to direct sunlight and it is necessary to use creams with SPF.Like every other treatment laser hair removal also has possible side effects such as appearance in the form of redness or swelling, and complications are rare if the treatment is not performed by an expert and there are appearances in the form of hyperpigmentation and scars. Because of this, the treatment needs to be done by professionally trained staff in beauty salons or medical-aesthetic clinics, and before the treatment itself, it's necessary to consult with a dermatologist or a trained technician to make sure that this treatment is the ideal solution for us.Laser epilation is ideal treatment for effective solution of complete hair removal. Besside an aesthetically more beautiful appearance of the skin, this treatment improves the quality of the skin without damage and also solves our constant worries about unwanted hair.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-laying-on-top-of-a-bed-holding-a-hair-dryer-szpFxaqS658References1. Avram, M. M., & Rogers, N. E. (2021). Laser hair removal: Optimizing treatment parameters for efficacy and safety. Journal of Clinical Aesthetic Dermatology, 14(6), 33-41.

Many people lose motivation when it comes to physical activity because of unrealistic or undefined goals. These types of goal-setting can lead to disappointment and hopelessness when it comes to exercise.Setting and achieving realistic goals where fitness is concerned can be satisfying and fulfilling, as well as healthy. If the general long-term goal is increasing the level of physical activity and exercise intensity, setting smaller, short-term goals can be key.A good method can be the setting of SMART goals. This technique for setting goals is based on the acronym “SMART” made of 5 concepts on which one should rely when setting goals, specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.Specific goals are those which are clearly defined, for example, “I work out at least 3 times a week for the next 8 weeks” instead of “I will work out more”. Setting goals like this gets rid of interpretation and demands responsibility. After the week is done the goal is either completed or not, there is no room for interpretation like with loosely defined goals.Measurable goals also include the role of specifying things. For example, “losing 5kg in the next 3 months” is different from “losing weight” and is something we can follow up on. Lifting heavier weights, running longer distances, or running for longer periods of time are all ways in which we can measure physical activity. This allows reaching short-term goals which provide feelings of achievement and reassurance in our progress.Achievable goals are ones that are possible and realistic, in a specific time frame. A lot can be achieved in the long run, but short-term goals are also important, one should focus on what is possible in the span of a few weeks or months. The achievability of goals will depend on physical readiness levels and should be oriented towards achieving progress. Goals shouldn’t be so easy that they don’t provide a challenge and satisfaction when complete but they should also not be so hard that they are impossible.Relevant goals are the ones that are important in the specific situation and personal choice. People exercise for various reasons, mobility, health, aesthetics, rehabilitation, fun… Different people also have different predispositions and interests, so it is important that the goals and program are aligned with these factors.Time-bound goals are set within a certain time frame, with a deadline. As was stated before, a few weeks or months is a good time frame for short-term goals. This method also allows for taking responsibility, after the deadline passes the goals are either met or they aren’t.It is a logical conclusion that with active goal setting there comes experience and a better understanding of one’s own abilities, and with that the ability to better set goals in the future. Tracking goals, be it with pen and paper or through fitness apps, is key.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/running-woman-track-exercise-7056590/Clinic, C. (2024, November 7). How SMART Fitness Goals can help you get healthier. Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/smart-fitkaess-goalsLu, Y., Yu, K., & Gan, X. (2022). Effects of a SMART goal setting and 12-Week core strength training intervention on physical fitness and exercise attitudes in Adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137715

The tanning bed is very popular among people who like to have a tan through the whole year and they also like to use it during the winter months to keep their tan. Although it provides immediate results and it's attractive to people, long-term use carries significant risks for skin health.A solarium is a device that imitates solar radiation by using artificial UV rays to tan the skin and today we can find it in every other beauty salon. There are different types of solariums, vertical (standing) and horizontal (lying). It's made of plates on which are installed UV tubes or UV lamps that produce light.These devices emit two types of ultraviolet rays - UVA and UVB. Both groups of UV rays are very dangerous because they cause fast skin aging (UVA) and burns and damage to the surface layer of the skin (UVB). These two types of rays are most often associated with an increased risk of skin cancer, including melanoma.One of the main consequences that have been observed from people who have used tanning beds for a long time is premature skin aging. UVA rays damage collagen and elastin in the top layers of the skin and lead to the premature appearance of wrinkles, relaxed skin, and skin problems like hyperpigmentation. Through research by the World Health Organization, it has also been confirmed that excessive exposure to these UV rays affects cell mutation and causes various types of skin cancer.It should also be noted that there are risks of phototoxic reactions when UV rays come into contact with certain substances on the skin, such as perfume or some antibiotic creams.Certainly tanning beds are a place that we should avoid whenever we have the chance, especially since we have so many safer alternatives like self-tanning creams. These creams contain an ingredient that colors the surface layer of the skin without harmful effects.For all lovers of tanned skin, the tanning bed and its negative effects on the skin go beyond its temporary aesthetic effect, so it's best to find a healthier alternative that doesn't carry so many risks. Information about the risks and the use of alternative solutions are key to maintaining healthy and nurse skin.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/solarium-beauty-salon-sunbathing-1064815/ReferencesCancer Research UK. (n.d.). How do sunbeds cause skin cancer? Retrieved January 8, 2025, from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/sun-uv-and-cancer/how-do-sunbeds-cause-skin-cancerAmerican Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). Surprising facts about indoor tanning. Retrieved January 8, 2025, from https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/surprising-facts-about-indoor-tanning

Many things can cause nausea and vomiting, but it’s common for nausea to pass on its own with rest. The most common causes of nausea include allergic reactions, stomach infections, food poisoning, gastroesophageal reflux, migraines, pregnancy, motion sickness…There are serious symptoms which can cause nausea and vomiting, in case the nausea lasts for more than two days in adults, one day in children, if bursts of nausea and vomiting appear repeatedly and last for more than a month, if the nausea is followed by unexpected weight loss, it is recommended to visit a doctor.If you are feeling nauseous it can be difficult to find food that will agree with your stomach in such a state. If you are vomiting this can be especially challenging because of the feelings of irritability in the stomach and the dehydration that vomiting causes.Some general tips are:-   Smaller but more frequent meals, such as having an empty stomach, can worsen feelings of nausea.-   Eat slowly and don’t lie down after a meal, relax and give your body time to digest the food after eating.-   Drink fluids between meals, not with a meal.-   If you are vomiting it is important to replenish the lost liquids and increase water intake, but also to drink it slowly.-   Avoid sugary drinks, coffee, and alcohol and focus on water and tea instead.-   Avoid food with a lot of fat, sugar, or salt.Some foods that can help reduce the sense of nausea are:-   Dry, bland, food like bread, toast, dry pastries, cereal, or crackers, can help with settling the stomach. Food that has a strong taste and smell can worsen nausea and upset the stomach.-   Water is key, vomiting can cause dehydration, and it is crucial to stay hydrated. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause a loss in electrolytes as well, which can be replenished quickly with sports drinks.Drinks that are very sweet, caffeinated, or dairy-based can worsen nausea and it’s best to avoid them.-   Broths and liquids are often better tolerated than solid food with nausea, they help hydration and the replenishment of electrolytes.-   Ginger has many health benefits (link) including helping with an upset stomach. It can be useful no matter the way it is consumed, whether as an ingredient in a dish, crystalized, in tea, or independently.-   Cold food, it’s often easier to eat cold food rather than hot, because of the lack of strong smells which tend to irritate the stomach.-   Bananas are very rich in nutrients and energy; they are easy and practical to eat and can also help with the replenishment of lost potassium in case of vomiting or diarrhea. Other similar foods which are soft and have high energy and nutritional value include avocados, mashed potatoes and peanut butter.-   Rice, potatoes, and noodles can be a good choice, these foods have high energy value, are easy to make, and help with calming the stomach.-   Protein rich foods can also help, this especially refers to longer lasting nausea, studies show that protein rich diets help with less often bouts of nausea.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/woman-body-pain-pijamas-discomfort-5941896/Nausea and vomiting - symptoms and causes. (n.d.). https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/nausea-and-vomitingProfessional, C. C. M. (2024, July 25). Nausea & Vomiting. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/8106-nausea--vomiting

Birth at home is a practice that has a long history and is increasingly returning to modern society. Although in recent decades, most births in developed countries are performed in hospitals, more and more women decide to give birth at home, because they consider it a more natural, intimate, and unique way of bringing a child into the world. This practice, however, isn't so naive and without risk and that is why it requires careful planning and professional support.One of the main reasons why women choose to give birth at home is the feeling of safety and comfort of their own home. The home environment can contribute to reducing stress and anxiety, which positively affects the course of childbirth. In addition, home birth provides more control, allowing the woman to make decisions about how she wants to go through this moment, which is not always possible in a hospital.Another significant advantage is the presence of partners and family members through this process. Unlike hospitals where visits are limited, at home we can choose which of our loved ones will be present for emotional support. Also, home births are characterized by minimal medical interventions, which suits women who prefer the natural course of childbirth without the use of drugs and interventions such as labor induction or episiotomy. In addition, home birth can be more economically effective compared to hospital birth in many countries. In many cases, the costs associated with hospital services and medical equipment are significantly higher than with an assisted home birth.Although home birth has many advantages, it also carries certain risks. The greatest risk is the possibility of complications that require immediate medical assistance and intervention. For example, complications such as labor difficulties, bleeding, or a baby health problem can turn quickly into something worse and require immediate transport to the hospital. Another challenge is the availability of qualified medical personnel. A home birth requires the presence of an expert, such as a midwife or doctor, who has experience in making quick decisions and managing complications and who can make the right decision in a crisis. Unfortunately, many communities lack trained personnel to provide such services, increasing the risk.In addition to medical challenges and risks, there are prejudices associated with home birth. In some societies, there is a perception that giving birth at home is an irresponsible or unsafe choice, which can cause the environment to judge and additional stress for the pregnant woman.For women considering a home birth, it is crucial to be well-informed, prepared, and organized for this act. The first step in preparation is to consult with a doctor or midwife to determine if they are suitable for this option. For example, pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies, such as those with pre-existing complications or chronic illnesses, are usually not good candidates for a home birth. Planning also involves providing necessary equipment, such as sterile instruments, sanitation supplies, and emergency medical supplies. Also, a plan for emergency transport to the hospital in case of complications should be defined in advance.Good communication with the team of experts who will manage the birth itself is essential. Midwives and medical workers should be familiar with the wishes and plans of the pregnant woman but also provide realistic information about possible risks.Giving birth at home can be a positive experience for many women, but it requires careful planning and collaboration with professional staff. Benefits such as comfort, the presence of loved ones, and less medical intervention must be weighed against the potential risks. With adequate preparation and support, home birth can be a safe and good option for many families.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://pixabay.com/photos/baby-hand-hold-infant-holding-428395/ReferencesElevit. (n.d.). Porodjaj kod kuće ili u bolnici?. Preuzeto 21. januara 2025. sa https://www.elevit.rs/trudnoca/porodaj-kod-kuce-ili-u-bolniciMayo Clinic Staff. (n.d.). Home birth: What to know. Mayo Clinic. Preuzeto 21. januara 2025. sa https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/home-birth/art-20046878

Pressotherapy is a non-invasive aesthetic treatment used to improve circulation and eliminate excess fluid from the body. To perform this treatment, pneumatic compression is used to stimulate the lymphatic system. This technique is becoming increasingly popular both in medical and aesthetic centers, as it offers an effective solution to problems such as leg swelling, fluid retention and cellulite. The goal of pressotherapy is to stimulate the natural detoxification process and reduce body swelling while improving overall health.Pressotherapy is a treatment that uses special devices with compression covers that are placed on the legs, arms, or abdomen. These covers alternately inflate and deflate, creating rhythmic pressures that mimic natural muscle contractions. This process affects the improvement of lymphatic drainage and removes toxins and excess fluid from the body.The treatment is performed in several series, and positive effects can be noticed already after a couple of treatments. Each pressotherapy treatment lasts between 30 and 45 minutes and can be combined with other treatments for body shaping and cellulite reduction.The advantages of pressotherapy are:1. One of the main advantages of pressotherapy is the ability to remove retained fluid in the body. People who have problems with leg swelling, especially due to prolonged sitting or standing, may have a significant feeling of relief after the treatment, as well as a physical change.2. Stimulation of the lymphatic system helps the body to get rid of accumulated toxins, which contributes to the strengthening of the immune system and the general feeling of lightness of the body, which leads to the improvement of lymphatic circulation.3. Improved circulation contributes to better nutrition of the skin, and the treatment can contribute to reducing the visibility of cellulite, especially when combined with other treatments such as cavitation or radiofrequency.4. Pressotherapy helps detoxify the body and improves metabolism, which can facilitate and help in the process of losing weight.5. People suffering from chronic venous insufficiency or circulation problems can experience significant improvement after regular pressotherapy treatments.Pressotherapy is a treatment that's suitable for people who suffer from leg swelling and fluid retention, and all those who spend a lot of time sitting or standing during the day. It's also an excellent choice for athletes, as it helps in faster muscle recovery. It's also recommended for people who are on a weight loss or detoxification program, but also for all those who want to reduce the visibility of cellulite and improve skin tone.Contraindications and precautionsAlthough pressotherapy is a safe treatment, there are certain contraindications. People with the following conditions should consult a doctor before treatment:• Acute venous thrombosis.• Severe heart disease.• Skin infections or open wounds on treated body parts.• Pregnancy (especially in the first trimester).• Kidney disease or liver disease.Pressotherapy is an effective and non-invasive aesthetic treatment that helps eliminate excess fluid, improves circulation, and contributes to the health and beauty of the body. Thanks to mild and relaxing effects, the treatment is increasingly popular both in medical institutions and in aesthetic ones. With proper treatment and professional supervision, pressotherapy can become a useful part of a healthy lifestyle.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-a-woman-s-legs-on-a-mirror-8642557/ReferencesGallagher, G. (2020, May 15). Pressotherapy: What is it, benefits, side effects, and how to use it. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/pressotherapy#what-it-isUnico Aesthetic. (n.d.). Pressotherapy. Unico Aesthetic. Preuzeto 29. januara 2025, sa https://www.unicoskinclinic.co.uk/body-treatments/pressotherapy/

Lemon is a citrus fruit known for its sour taste and specific bright yellow color. Lemons are used in small quantities to add flavor to desserts, sauces, marinades, drinks, and alike, but it is rarely consumed on its own because of its strong sour taste. Lemons are extremely rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, fibers, and other healthy plant compounds. Some studies suggest that they can help with lowering the risk of heart disease as well as some forms of cancer.We will list some of the health benefits of consuming lemon:It helps cardiovascular health – one lemon contains more than 30% of the recommended daily intake dose of vitamin C, which helps decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. The fiber provided by lemon also helps in reducing risk factors when heart disease is concerned. Studies also suggest it helps lower blood pressure.It helps with cancer prevention – as a good source of antioxidants and vitamin C, lemon helps in the battle against free radicals in the body, which can cause cell damage which can lead to cancer. Still, the specific mechanisms by which antioxidants help prevent cancer still aren’t clear and some studies suggest that the effect of citrus fruits on cancer risk is not significant.Helps prevent kidney stones – kidney stones are made from the mineral deposits that accumulate in the urinary tract. Kidney stones are a common occurrence, and it is estimated that around 10% of the population has dealt with this problem. Increasing the level of citric acid in the body can help prevent kidney stones by increasing urine volume and the pH value of the urine, which creates less favorable conditions for the development of kidney stones. Only half a glass (~125ml) of lemon juice a day can help provide enough citrate for a significant preventive effect. More research is required, in case you are suffering from kidney stones you should consult a doctor regarding adequate prevention and treatment measures.It betters iron absorption – iron sufficiency is the leading cause of anemia. Pairing foods rich in vitamin C with foods rich in iron maximizes the absorption of iron in the body. A high intake of vitamin C paired with iron supplements can cause problems with the gastrointestinal tract, so it is recommended to get iron from natural, dietary sources in this case.It betters skin health – vitamin C plays a large role in the formation of collagen, which is key in skin health. Exposure to sun or pollution, as well as aging and other factors, contribute to skin health and damage. Studies suggest that increased intake of vitamin C can significantly help with these kinds of skin damage.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/bunch-of-lemons-on-wooden-rack-7woHBtwCgTQClinic, C. (2025, January 8). Is starting your day with lemon water healthy? Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/benefits-of-lemon-waterLD, M. W. R. (2023, July 24). How can lemons benefit your health? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/283476#benefits

Protein supplements are widely used in the world of fitness, by professional athletes as well as by amateurs. They are a great way to increase protein intake, help build muscle mass, increase strength, and help speed up recovery. These supplements are used in different forms, such as powder, protein bars, drinks and alike.You can find more information about how protein functions in the diet here.The amount of protein one consumes, as well as the time of consumption, can have effects on muscle hypertrophy and the recovery of the body and muscles. Some research suggests that consuming protein after a workout and physical activity increases protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy, so it’s common to see people drinking protein shakes immediately after a workout. On the other hand, other studies have suggested that consuming protein before a workout is better, stating that protein synthesis increases by trading amino acids even before a workout. Still, research also suggests that consuming protein before or after a workout might not have much of an effect at all, and what effect it might have, is probably only marginal. What is most important is the amount of protein one consumes daily.Specific amounts of protein that are consumed will depend on the specific person, levels of activity, wanted goals, and the alike. The international consensus is that the daily protein intake dose for a healthy adult should be 0,8 g / 1 kg of body weight. Individuals who are physically active need to consume more protein, from 1,2 g / kg to 2 g / kg of body weight. To achieve these amounts of protein intake which allow for optimal recovery, many athletes consume protein supplements. They are a practical way to ensure an adequate amount of this key nutrient. The specific daily dose of protein supplement intake will depend on factors regarding the specific supplement, the individual, activity levels as well as goals. It is best to follow the instructions for the use of the product. Studies suggest that a dose of 20 – 25g of Whey protein a day often provides wanted results, while amounts that go over 40 g a day may provide unwanted harmful consequences like increased bowel movements, acne, nausea, thirst, bloating, lesser appetite, exhaustion, and headaches.Whey is the most popular and most often consumed type of protein supplement, made from milk protein which is quickly absorbed by the body and contains bioactive proteins that can contribute to some other health benefits.Protein shakes aren’t meant to be a way to replace a meal or food. Many people fear consuming too much protein and incorporating protein supplements into their diet which is already rich in protein. Earlier it was thought that protein-rich diets were related to kidney diseases and osteoporosis. Now studies have shown that protein-rich diets don’t affect these problems with people who have healthy kidneys and even lead to healthier and denser bones regarding osteoporosis. Most healthy people can safely consume high amounts of protein in their diet.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/a-scoop-of-powder-sitting-on-top-of-a-table-MUlIfSNODXEPatel, V., Aggarwal, K., Dhawan, A., Singh, B., Shah, P., Sawhney, A., & Jain, R. (2023). Protein supplementation: the double-edged sword. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 37(1), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2023.2280417Wolfe, R. R. (2000). Protein supplements and exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(2), 551S-557S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.2.551s

Psychologists and addiction experts have concluded that non-substance addictions exist, they refer to behavior and can include, gambling, sex, internet use, video game playing, shopping…Pathological gambling, or gambling disorder, is a behavioral disorder in which the person cannot resist the urge to gamble, leading to serious financial, career, familial, social, and even health issues. This disorder is characterized by repeating patterns of gambling and spending money with no regard for the numerous problems that this behavior has already caused in the individual’s life.Addiction is defined using multiple components, continued engagement in behavior with no regard to the negative consequences, less control of engaging in the specific behavior, compulsive engagement in the behavior, and urges or cravings to engage in the behavior. For a long time, addiction has referred only to substances, but behaviors such as pathological gambling can be enlisted into all these previously defined categories, these are non-substance addictions or behavioral addictions. These addictions affect the brain in very similar ways and produce similar consequences. Other characteristics that are similar in substance and non-substance addictions are the development of tolerance, cravings, withdrawal symptoms… Similar comorbidities are also common, as well as hereditary factors and ways of treatment.You can find more information about substance abuse and addiction here.Symptoms:Symptoms of pathological gambling can include:- Preoccupation with gambling, planning it, and trying to gather more money to gamble.- Developing tolerance which leads to needing larger amounts of money to spend to feel the same excitement as before.- Unsuccessful attempts at quitting gambling.- Gambling to regulate stress and escape from problems.- Attempting to recover lost money by gambling more.- Lying to family members and those closest to them to hide the extent of gambling.- Risking and destroying important relationships, jobs, career or academic opportunities, and alike to gamble.- Getting into financial debt because of the money lost to gambling.Most people who gamble as a form of recreation know when to stop, with compulsive, pathological gambling there exists an urge to continue gambling to return the lost money.Denial is a common symptom. If those closest to the person show worry regarding their state and the state of their gambling problem, the person might still find it difficult to face their problem. In case someone close to you shows concern about your gambling, listen to them, this problem is solvable with professional help.Treatment:Medicaments aren’t used in combating this problem, but what is used with much efficacy is psychotherapy. The goals of psychotherapy in this case are to help the person identify and change unhealthy emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns in their life. Psychotherapy can help the person regain control over their unhealthy behaviors, regulate stress in a healthy way, improve relationships with those closest to them, better handle their finances, stay away from gambling and triggers, and help with other mental health problems that might affect the gambling addiction.Unfortunately, the number of people seeking help with this problem is extremely low, people often try to handle it on their own, which is very difficult. Pathological gambling is a serious mental disorder that destroys lives and families around the world. People who suffer from this disorder have a higher risk of suicide. If you have doubts that you or someone in your vicinity has a problem with gambling, it is necessary that you seek the help of professionals such as psychiatrists or psychologists. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site:https://unsplash.com/photos/arcade-machine-with-red-and-white-chairs-9UnXxVeZlpECompulsive gambling - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, June 18). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-gambling/symptoms-causes/syc-20355178Erbas, B., & Buchner, U. G. (2012). Pathological gambling. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2012.0173Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2015). Gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000051

The sentence "She should eat for two" is found in everyday life as a rule for a woman who is in a different state. However, it's proven that this way of looking at nutrition in pregnant women can be harmful. In the following text, we'll explore why pregnant women shouldn't literally eat for two, with scientific evidence and guidelines for healthy eating during pregnancy.During pregnancy energy needs of the body increase, but this doesn't mean that food intake should be doubled. According to the National Institutes of Health, pregnant women should consume an additional 200 to 250 calories per day during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, which is about 10% more than before pregnancy. Depending on metabolism, physical activity, and body weight before pregnancy, this number of calories varies. Certainly, the extra calories are equal to one more snack like fruit or a piece of whole grain bread with eggs. Excessive food intake during pregnancy can lead to excessive body weight which carries risks for the mother and the child. According to research obesity during pregnancy increases the risk of gestational diabetes, hypertension, complications during childbirth, and fetal macrosomia.The key during pregnancy is quality of nutrition so instead of focusing on the quantity of food, a pregnant woman should pay attention to its quality. A nutritionally rich diet provides the necessary vitamins and minerals required for the healthy development of the fetus and the preservation of the mother's health.Key nutrients you should consume during pregnancy include:Folic acid, which is important for the fetus's development is recommended for daily intake through diet and/or supplements. Then iron helps to prevent anemia and supports the production of extra blood needed for the fetus. Foods that are rich in iron include red meat, spinach, and legumes.Calcium is also crucial for the development of the baby, as well as for preserving the health of the mother's bones, and the source is dairy products, almonds, and broccoli. Last but not least, there are omega-3 fatty acids, which are important for brain and vision development in fetuses. Salmon, walnuts, and flax seeds are rich in these fatty acids.Excessive or double food intake during pregnancy can have long-term consequences for both mother and child. Children of mothers who consume a large number of calories during pregnancy have an increased risk of developing obesity and metabolic disorders in later life. On the other hand, a pregnant woman who gains much more weight than recommended has a harder time getting back to her weight before pregnancy.Every pregnancy is unique and individual, so the nutritional needs are different for everyone. Factors such as pre-pregnancy body weight, health status, and level of physical activity affect the recommended intake of calories and nutrients. That is why it is important for a pregnant woman to indicate all the factors in a conversation with a doctor or nutritionist in order to adapt the diet to her needs.The myth that a pregnant woman should "eat for two" is not based on facts and can only harm the expectant mother. Instead of the quantity of food, pregnant women should focus on its quality and moderate caloric intake that corresponds to their individual needs. In this way, it will provide optimal conditions for the healthy development of the baby and the preservation of its health.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/pregnant-m-mom-pregnancy-2640994/References:American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (n.d.). Nutrition during pregnancy. Preuzeto January 15, 2025, sa https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/nutrition-during-pregnancyBayer. (n.d.). Myths about nutrition and pregnancy. Preuzeto January 15, 2025, sa https://www.bayer.com/en/news-stories/myths-about-nutrition-and-pregnancy

Proper hair care is the basis for her healthy appearance and resistance to external harmful influences. Each of us has a unique hair structure, but basic principles of care can be applied to all types. In the rest of the text, we'll cover the basic steps in hair care and provide advice on how to keep hair healthy.The first and most important step in hair care is proper washing. Washing your hair shouldn't be too frequent, but neither should it be infrequent, because both can damage the hair. Washing too often removes natural oils that protect the hair roots while washing infrequently can cause an accumulation of dirt and sebum, which leads to irritation and dandruff. It's recommended to wash your hair every other day, for three days, or according to individual needs.When washing it's necessary to use mild products - shampoos that are adapted to our hair type. For example, people with oily hair are advised to use shampoos that have deep cleansing properties, while those with dry hair should choose a shampoo with a moisturizing formula. When applying shampoo we should focus on the roots of the hair, not its length, because this is the place with the greatest concentration of sebum and dirt.The next step in proper hair care is the use of conditioners and hair masks. Conditioner is an essential step in your daily hair care routine, as it helps to keep your hair hydrated and reduces the risk of breakage and split ends. Products from this group are applied exclusively to the length of the hair, avoiding the root in order to prevent its aggravation. Hair masks are products that we can use occasionally in our care, and they provide deep hydration and regeneration of damaged hair. We should choose products with natural ingredients, such as argan oil, coconut, or aloe vera as they provide additional care without harmful chemicals. It's recommended to use masks once a week so that the results are visible in a short time.The heat from blow dryers, flat irons, and curlers can damage the hair structure, leading to brittle and lifeless hair. Because of that before use, apply a heat protectant to reduce the effect of high temperatures on the hair. In addition, we should avoid the daily use of flat irons and hair dryers and prefer natural drying and natural hair styling.External factors such as UV radiation, wind, and pollution can also affect hair health. So we can wear a hat or use products with UV protection to keep hair healthy during sunny days. Also, regular hair cleaning from accumulated pollution helps to maintain her shine and health.All of the above has a great influence on the care of our hair, however, healthy hair starts from the inside. A balanced diet rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals is essential for her health. Proteins are the basic building elements of hair, while vitamins such as biotin, and vitamins E and D help to strengthen and grow. Hydration is also key in proper hair care so we need to drink enough water throughout the day to keep our hair hydrated and prevent hair from drying out. Damaged and split ends can affect the overall appearance of the hair and further damage it. Because of that regular trimming of the ends approximately every six to eight weeks helps to maintain proper care.Proper hair care requires consistency, but also adaptation to individual needs. A combination of proper washing, moisturizing, heat protection, a balanced diet, and regular trimming can make a significant contribution to hair health. Take time for yourself and find products that are ideal for your regular hair care routine, and you will get healthy and shiny hair in return.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from:https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-in-white-long-sleeved-shirt-standing-in-front-of-pink-wall-WCPg9ROZbM0References:American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). Everyday hair care. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/hair-scalp-care/hairAmerican Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). Tips for healthy hair. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/hair-scalp-care/hair/healthy-hair-tips

Threads for skin tightening are an innovative approach to rejuvenation, also known as thread lifts. This minimally invasive treatment allows the lifting and tightening of loose facial and body skin. Thread lift is used more and more as a treatment in aesthetic medicine which attracts all those who want quick results with a minimal recovery period.Threads for skin tightening are resorbable threads, made of biocompatible materials that are absorbed in the body over time. These threads have a dual role, the first is to mechanically lift the skin and the second one is to stimulate the natural production of collagen. Collagen is a key protein that affects the strength and elasticity of the skin and has effects on improving skin quality over time.There are different types of threads that are used to perform this treatment and in practice, these three types are most commonly used:PDO threads, short for polydioxanone, are the most common choice because they have rapid resorption of 6 to 12 months and they're proven safe. They're particularly effective for slightly loose skin and encourage collagen stimulation.PLA threads (Poly-L-lactic acid) are threads that degrade more slowly in a period of 12 to 18 months, and have a stronger lifting and rejuvenating effect. They're suitable for everyone with a medium degree of skin laxity.And the third group are PCL threads (Polycaprolactone) , the longest-lasting one with a resorption period of 24 to 36 months. They provide a long-lasting lifting effect and in addition, they play a role in the regeneration of the deep skin layers.Before the start of the treatment local anesthesia is applied to the target area in order to avoid the discomfort of the treatment. For the treatment itself, special cannulas or thin needles are used to place threads under the skin's surface. After placement threads immediately provide a lifting effect, while the collagen regeneration process lasts for several months which prolongs the results of the treatment.Tightening threads are used mostly on the face, but they can be used on any other part of the body. For example the specific areas on the face are eyelids, threads are also used for tightening the area under the eyes and jaw, as well as lifting of the eyebrows and cheeks. On the neck, they can also give excellent results by tightening loose skin and reducing wrinkles, and on the body they're used to tighten the inner side of the upper arms, stomach, thighs and rear.The advantages of this rejuvenation treatment are the immediate results after treatment, the quick and minimal recovery period and the safety of the procedure. Beside the benefits, side effects such as redness, bruising and swelling are possible. Complications such as infection or asymmetry rarely occur, especially if the treatment is performed by a professional and qualified person.Skin tightening threads are an ideal solution for those who want a rejuvenated appearance without surgical procedure and the plus effect is skin regeneration which makes them one of the most desirable treatments today. Because of all of the above, before making a decision about the treatment it's important to consult with an expert in order to determine if this treatment is suitable for our skin and the result we want.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from:https://pixabay.com/photos/girl-beauty-portrait-model-2771001/References:Skin Institute. (n.d.). Thread lift. Skin Institute. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.skininstitute.co.nz/treatment/thread-lift/American Society of Plastic Surgeons. (n.d.). What you need to know about thread lifts. Retrieved January 15, 2025, from https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/blog/what-you-need-to-know-about-thread-lifts

Effective treatment for removal of fat depositsLipolysis is an effective aesthetic treatment that serves to remove fat deposits and decomposition them on certain parts of the body. In the past few years it has been increasingly used as a treatment for body contouring, because it's not involve invasive surgical procedures, such as liposuction and the use of silicone implants.This treatment is a process of breaking down fat cells with the help of chemical or physical methods, and we distinguish two types of lipolysis - injection and laser.Injection lipolysis is a method that uses substances such as phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholic acid to break down fat cells. Chemical substances are injected directly into the tissue through injections and allow the body to eliminate it permanently through a naturally lymphatic system. Another type is laser lipolysis and it serves to melt fat deposits from certain parts of the body and shape it with the help of laser energy.In injection lipolysis, the injected substance causes an inflammatory reaction by breaking down the membrane of fat cells, which leads to the breakdown of fat on the treated part of the body (dewlap, stomach). The decomposition process lasts up to eight weeks, and after that comes a gradual reduction of fat deposits. In laser lipolysis, a laser beam is used to go deep in the skin and target the fat cells, turning them into liquid which is then eliminated through natural metabolic processes and is mainly used for areas such as the stomach, arms, and thighs.The advantages of lipolysis are minimal invasiveness, precise shaping of specific regions, quick results, and a short recovery period. Besides advantages there are also possible risks and side effects such as redness and swelling, temporary pain, but it is also possible that there may be an improper breakdown of fat, which gives us bumps on the skin. For this reason it's very important that the treatment is performed by professionals and in specialized centers.Lipolysis is a treatment intended for anyone who has localized fat deposits that cannot be removed by diet or exercise. It is not suitable for overweight people, pregnant women, nursing mothers, and people with certain medical problems or conditions.This aesthetic treatment has been extremely popular and effective in the last few years because of results and safety. However it's necessary to look at every advantage including the risks, and consult with a professional before treatment.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/pinch-thick-belly-fat-overweight-4590161/References:Hexsel, D., Serra, M., & Mazzuco, R. (2003). Phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of localized fat. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 2(5), 511-518.National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2020). Fat metabolism. In NCBI Bookshelf. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560564/Zhou, J., Butler, J. P., & Liu, Y.-C. (2021). Emerging roles of lipolysis in metabolic diseases. Nature Metabolism, 3(11), 1348–1355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6

Breathing techniques for easier childbirthEvery woman experiences childbirth differently and breathing helps women to ease labor pain. Correct breathing helps to relieve pain, lower stress, and otherwise make it easier for the pregnant woman to pass through contractions. Breathing assists with oxygenating the body, ensures that muscles work as efficiently as possible, and allows for control and calm during labor.Each stage during labor has its own breathing techniques and these are some of them:1. Slow, rhythmic breathingThe early stages of labor are all about slow, deep breathing to relax. This is a simple trick to keep the expectant mother relaxed as the contractions start getting more severe. Breathe in through the nose for every 4-6 seconds, then slowly breathe out through the mouth for every 6-8 seconds.Breathing helps keep a steady pulse and reduces tension in the body.2. Breath During ContractionsAt this stage, during very intensive contractions, "lighter" breathing can be used, the method called 'pattern breathing', which consists of two seconds of inbreathing through the nose and three seconds of fast but short outbreathing through the mouth.This breathing is in accordance with the intensity of the contractions, encouraging the woman's focus on being present in the moment. Research indicates that controlled breathing leads to lowered perception of pain during this stage.3. Breathing for relaxation between contractionsBetween contractions, breathing in a slow, deep manner has been found to facilitate the body's recuperation process. By concentrating on long exhalations, a pregnant woman may also help to minimize stress levels and gather energy toward completing the labor.4. Breathing for tensionFor this phase of labor, breathing needs to be adjusted to help deliver the baby. A technique that involves taking a deep breath through the mouth before straining and releasing air spontaneously under pressure during pushing is recommended. Holding your breath should be avoided, as it can reduce the flow of oxygen and cause additional stress.Proper breathing technique has physical benefits, but it also works psychologically by reducing the feeling of fear and bringing a feeling of control. Preparation of and practice with these techniques before giving birth will help make the birth experience a positive one, but each pregnant woman should consult her doctor, midwife, or prenatal course instructor regarding the types of techniques that are most effective for her as an individual.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-in-gray-and-white-floral-shirt-sitting-on-bed-R5yoJSYDDfIReferences:Beebe, K. R., & Humphreys, J. (2021). Prenatal preparation: Breathing techniques for labor and delivery. Journal of Maternal Health, 45(3), 120-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mathealth.2021.02.005Fit i Zdrava Mama. (n.d.). Tehnike disanja koje olakšavaju porođaj. Preuzeto sa https://fitizdravamama.com/tekst/tehnike-disanja-koje-olaksavaju-porodjaj

The Three Most Popular Aesthetic Treatments of 2024In the year we are leaving behind us, 2024 the number of aesthetic treatments continued to grow, and their techniques are improving day by day. Treatments are increasingly focused on the natural appearance and minimal invasiveness. Today, these aesthetic trends are treatments that provide subtle but significant results with minimal recovery time. In the text below are the three most popular treatments of 2024.1. Hyaluronic fillers and facial contouringHyaluronic fillers are at the top of the list every year and they are one of the most wanted treatments in the world of aesthetic medicine. Their main advantage is that the results are immediately visible, and they are used to increase volume, redefine facial contours, and reduce wrinkles. Treatments that have become particularly popular use contouring fillers to emphasize certain parts of the face, such as the cheekbones, jawline, and lips, all with the aim of achieving a natural and fresh look.2. Botulinum toxin - BotoxThe use of Botox, also known as botulinum toxin, also continues to dominate the world of aesthetic treatments. This treatment is in the first place for reducing wrinkles on the forehead, around the eyes and lips, and between the eyebrows. In 2024, the so-called "baby Botox" technique was noticed, which uses smaller amounts of the product for a more subtle effect, and in this way, the results are more natural, while maintaining the characteristic movements and expressiveness of the face.3. Laser treatments for skin rejuvenationLaser treatments are designed to remove hyperpigmentation, scars, and small wrinkles, and in the past year, they have reached their peak and have become very popular. Fractional lasers, such as CO2 and erbium lasers, allow the skin to regenerate by stimulating collagen production. Clients choose these treatments because they offer visible results in a short period of time, and the recovery time is short.Aesthetic treatments in 2024 began a trend that is aimed at a more natural look, with minimal recovery time. The focus is on treatments that combine effectiveness and safety, while at the same time increasing the demands of clients for a more nurtured and youthful appearance. Hyaluronic fillers, botulinum toxin, and laser treatments provide the opportunity for subtle but impressive results, and that is how the aesthetic industry adapts to modern needs and desires.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Picture taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-laying-on-a-bed-getting-her-eyebrows-done-2dJKEv-sj1YReferences:Estetica News. (2024). Najpopularniji trendovi u estetici za 2024. godinu. Preuzeto sa https://esteticanews.meGalderma. (2024). Estetski tretmani: Fokus na prirodan izgled. Preuzeto sa https://galderma.com

When we think about UV protection, summer heat usually comes to mind first. However, in reality, it is just as important during the winter months. Winter brings us fewer sunny days, but UV rays can still have a harmful impact on the skin because they are present throughout the year.There are 3 categories of UV rays, UVA, UVB, and UVC, however, UVC rays are absorbed in the atmosphere before reaching the Earth. According to research by the World Health Organization, the other two types of UV rays affect the skin.Rays that are present throughout the whole year, regardless of temperature, are UVA rays. They penetrate through clouds and fog, as well as through glass and other reflecting surfaces, such as windows. They penetrate deep skin layers, causing premature aging, loss of skin elasticity, and wrinkles, and they are present wherever there is sunlight.UVB rays act on the upper surface of the skin and they make skin sunburns. Their intensity varies throughout the year. During the winter they are weaker, but they increase risk at high altitudes or in environments with reflective surfaces like snow, which can reflect up to 80% of UV rays and amplify exposure.Why Is UV Protection important during winter, and how can we protect our skin?UV protection is important during winter, especially at high altitudes and during winter sports, as exposure to UV rays increases without us even realizing it because of the cold. The consequences can be sunburns, early skin aging, hyperpigmentation, allergic reactions, and so on.That is why skin protection is necessary when using creams with a broad spectrum of protection (UVA and UVB) and which also contain SPF. Products that contain added moisturizing have more benefits during winter, as skin tends to become drier and less hydrated.Regular use of UV protection is a very important step in skincare. The protection cream should be applied 15–30 minutes before going outside and applied again every 2–3 hours, especially if we are spending time outside. When applying sunscreen, don’t forget to cover the neck, ears, and hands, which are often left unprotected.Don’t forget about lip protection, because lips are constantly exposed to wind and cold during winter which causes drying. Using a lip balm with SPF will protect your lips and maintain their hydration.Regular use of UV protection during the winter will prevent sunburns and premature skin aging but will also reduce the risk of hyperpigmentation, dryness, and other serious skin conditions. Thoughtful and long-term proper skin care will help to maintain a healthy, youthful appearance and preserve elasticity during the coldest time of the year.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Picture taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/beauty-face-closeup-portrait-young-4664847/References: American Academy of Dermatology. (n.d.). UV radiation. Retrieved from https://www.aad.orgWorld Health Organization. (2020). Radiation: The known health effects of UV. Retrieved from https://www.who.intSkin Cancer Foundation. (n.d.). Winter sun safety. Skin Cancer Foundation. https://www.skincancer.org/press/winter-sun-safety/

AnorexiaAnorexia (anorexia nervosa) is an eating disorder that is characterized by restrictive food intake in regard to one’s needs, which usually leads to dangerous levels of weight loss and a distorted body image. Those who suffer from anorexia have an intense fear of gaining weight which leads to behavior that can endanger their health in many ways, they usually aren’t aware of the seriousness of their disorder and the seriousness of the different states they get their bodies into because of it. These behaviors are inducted and continued by the patient.Anorexia is more common in women than in men but can appear in both sexes and usually appears in the adolescent period. The specific causes of anorexia aren’t determined but it is speculated that, as with a lot of mental disorders, a combination of genetic and surrounding factors is responsible. Other mental health problems can worsen the predispositions of this disorder, like obsessive-compulsive disorder and personality traits like it. An often comorbidity is substance abuse, depressive disorders, and anxious disorders, there is also an increased risk of suicide. Modern culture, media, and social networks put an accent on thinness when it comes to bodily image, social pressure can play a very important role in the development of this disorder. Symptoms:Emotional and behavioral symptoms are associated with the extreme focus on food, this can mean all sorts of behaviors like preparing food and not eating it, refusing food, lying about how much one eats, obsessive calorie counting, induced vomiting, limiting the diet to very few “safe” foods, spitting out food after chewing and similar.Other emotional and behavioral symptoms might include excessive exercise, intense fear of weight gain, extreme focus on appearance, changes in mood, irritability, lack of libido…The group of physical symptoms that characterize this disorder are extreme weight loss, exhaustion, lightheadedness, nausea, constipation, stomach pain, absence of hunger, lowered bone density, difficulty with concentration, increased sensitivity to coldness, swelling of arms and legs, and increased anxiety levels.The state of malnutrition and hunger in which weight is rapidly decreasing can lead to numerous other health complications like cardiovascular problems, anemia, lower blood pressure, problems with kidneys, hormonal disbalance, absence of menstrual cycles in women, early osteoporosis, complications with the digestive tract, and others. Treatment:Because it is common for people with this disorder to not realize the severity of their state, it is important that if you doubt that someone you know might have anorexia you react and urge that person to seek help. Even if this turns out to be a false alarm, this outcome is much preferable to allowing the symptoms to continue, early intervention provides the greatest chances for successful treatment.Treatment is centered around nutritional rehabilitation and psychotherapy, in some cases hospitalization is necessary. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/persons-left-hand-wrapped-by-tape-measure-ECXB0YAZ_zUAnorexia nervosa - Symptoms and causes. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anorexia-nervosa/symptoms-causes/syc-20353591Eating disorders. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disordersICD-10 version:2019. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F50-F59Moore, C. A., & Bokor, B. R. (2023, August 28). Anorexia nervosa. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/

Hypertrophy is the growth in muscle mass or rather the increase in size and volume of muscle cells. This is most commonly achieved through strength training. Even though training for hypertrophy and training for strength are connected, and training for one definitely leads to progress in the other as well, differences still exist.Focusing on hypertrophy helps primarily increase muscle mass using the increase in protein synthesis inside the muscle fibers. This can be achieved with training and a protein-rich diet. Training for strength focuses on the adaptation of the nervous system to using more muscle fibers when facing external forces. This adaptation means that the nervous system will more efficiently communicate with the muscles and better use them to create more strength. Of course, an increase in muscle mass will lead to an increase in strength and the ability to lift heavier weights will lead to larger muscles.Hypertrophy is focused on lesser weight and more repetitions than strength training, as well as on faster and more explosive movements.Training for hypertrophy requires a large intake of protein, muscles synthesize more protein than they use, and so become bigger. Still, this training method has its limitations, genetic predispositions play a role in how much muscle mass someone can create in a certain time frame. Studies suggest that muscle mass which is gained like this becomes saturated at one moment and further progress requires adaptation of the program for creating further hypertrophy.Myofibrillar hypertrophy is the growth of myofibrils, protein molecules that are tasked with muscle contraction. Increasing the number of myofibrils increases muscle mass, it is achieved by training with increased weight, with fewer repetitions. The results are often increased strength and muscle density.Sarcoplasmic hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of sarcoplasm, which consists of glycogen, phosphate, and creatine located within the muscle cells. This type of hypertrophy is achieved by training with lighter weight and an increased number of repetitions, it helps with endurance.Hypertrophy training generally requires a larger number of repetitions than strength training, shorter rest periods, and more sets. Training for muscle mass or strength will primarily depend on factors like genetic predispositions, experience, levels of physical activity, body constitution… Every form of physical activity and exercise is good and can have significant positive effects on health, the specifications of training methods depend on the goals. It is important to have a clear plan, try to set realistic goals, and be consistent, as well as careful when regarding injury. This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/athlete-atletico-biceps-back-body-3978072/Krzysztofik, M., Wilk, M., Wojdała, G., & Gołaś, A. (2019). Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic review of advanced resistance training techniques and methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 4897. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244897Kandola, A. (2023, June 13). What to know about muscle hypertrophy. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/muscle-hypertrophy#workout-frequency

The medicinal properties of gingerGinger is a tropical plant with long green leaves and a thick underground stem, it is used in many forms, fresh, dried, pickled, crystalized, candied, or powdered. It is one of the most popular spices in the world, it has a strong aroma and spicy taste, and it is used in many dishes, teas, soups, and beverages. Ginger was used for medicinal purposes even in the times of ancient China and India, thousands of years ago.For a long time, ginger has been associated with multiple health benefits for the body, like alleviating stomach difficulties, diarrhea, nausea, pregnancies, or different kinds of inflammations. Today it is often used as a supplement in the form of its dried root, pills, or extracts.Ginger has many medicinal properties:- Alleviates nausea, gingerol is the main bioactive compound in ginger and is responsible for most of its medicinal properties. It improves the mobility of the digestive tract, which helps efficient digestion and alleviates nausea caused by all kinds of factors like chemotherapy, pregnancy, or bloating.- It helps with inflammation, gingerol also has powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It helps with reducing oxidative stress caused by free radicals in the body.- It helps with strengthening the immune system, studies suggest that consuming ginger every day can strengthen the immune system. This can be the cause of the positive effects that ginger has on coughing and colds.- It can help with cardiovascular health, studies suggest that consuming ginger every day can help coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, steatosis, and other chronic conditions. It can have preventive effects.- It can lower cancer risk, because of its antioxidant properties it helps with oxidative stress caused by free radicals, and toxic substances that are created due to metabolism and other bodily processes. Free radicals and oxidative stress can play a key role in the development of cancer. Studies suggest that ginger can have positive effects when concerning cancer of the digestive tract, colon, stomach, pancreas, or liver cancer.Ginger is considered generally safe for consumption, still, in some people it might cause drops in blood pressure, hypoglycemia, stomach irritation, ulceration, heartburn, and irritable bowel syndrome in sensitive patients. This can happen with pregnancies, especially if antiarrhythmic drugs are being used or other complications exist.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-group-of-brown-objects-WuUVIMcFF34Bode, A. M., & Dong, Z. (2011). The Amazing and Mighty Ginger. Herbal Medicine - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92775/Fletcher, J. (2023, December 22). Ginger: Uses, benefits, and nutrition. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265990#risksNews-Medical. (2019, February 27). Ginger: health benefits. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ginger-Health-Benefits.aspx

Collagen is the main protein structure in many connective tissues in the body; it can be found in the skin, tendons, muscles, bones, and cartilage. Collagen provides structural support to tissue and plays a key role in cellular processes.The skin is exposed to external and internal factors and changes that come with aging. Skin aging is characterized by dehydration, loss of elasticity, and the appearance of wrinkles.The loss of skin quality with age is accompanied by lesser collagen synthesis and vascularity, leading to less elasticity and wrinkling. With time, the skin goes through regressive changes such as dehydration, loss of elasticity, and the epidermis's thinning.There are multiple ways to use collagen when it comes to treating the effects of aging and aiding skin health.Creams can contain collagen and improve hydration and skin firmness. Still, their use strictly on the skin's surface lessens the efficacy.Injectable fillers, like hyaluronic, stimulate collagen synthesis and allow for quick results by inflating the skin. Still, they can be expensive and accompanied by unwanted consequences like swelling, infections, and bruising. You can find more information about hyaluronic fillers here (link).Oral collagen supplementation has proved safe and cost-efficient compared to the alternatives. Among the oral collagen supplements, hydrolyzed collagen is the most popular regarding the effects of skin aging. Research suggests that hydrolyzed collagen improves hydration and skin elasticity. Still, studies also show that not all sources of hydrolyzed collagen have the same effects and that further research is needed to better understand the sources and their effects.Food that naturally promotes collagen synthesis includes bone marrow, fish, chicken, meat, nuts, and eggs.Smoking and consuming alcohol lowers the natural production of collagen in the body and thus poorly affects skin health, elasticity, wrinkles,g and mechanisms of recovery. Damaging effects can also come from over-explosion to sunlight and a diet rich in predominantly ultra-processed foods, sugar, and refined carbohydrates.Research suggests that collagen can also treat joint pain and strengthen bone density.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Professional, C. C. M. (2024, May 1). Collagen. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/23089-collagenPu, S., Huang, Y., Pu, C., Kang, Y., Hoang, K. D., Chen, K., & Chen, C. (2023). Effects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15(9), 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092080

Physical activity and exercise are significant for health and quality of life. It is known that exercise has preventive effects in different states, be they physical injury, cardiovascular diseases, or even mental disorders. Studies have shown that exercise is connected to a general feeling of well-being and lower rates of anxiety and affective disorders. Still, the mechanisms by which exercise accomplishes all these benefits for the human body aren’t always precise. One hypothesis is that exercise helps with dealing with stress, a common cause of physical and mental problems.Exercising is one of the best ways to combat stress; some research suggests that even 20 – 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise daily can help the person feel significantly less under stress.One hypothesis about how physical activity and exercise affect stress is that they help adapt to everyday stress. Exercising is also a form of stress, as well as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol levels, the stress hormone. So, regular activation of these stress systems can provide an opportunity for adaptation and more efficient reactions.Exercising also promotes the secretion of endorphins, the neurotransmitters responsible for feelings of well-being. Endorphins are also responsible for euphoria, which can often be noticed after exercising. This feeling of well-being after exercise can last for a short period but stacks up over time.Physical activity can also help distract a person from specific daily worries and help focus on the body instead of the mind; repetitive exercises can have meditative properties. This can also be a function of a break or rest period, which can be significant.It is also essential to state that all the other numerous ways in which physical activity affects health indirectly affect stress reduction. Physical activity increases confidence and mood, helps with relaxation, promotes healthier sleep, strengthens the immune system, and lowers the risk of anxiety disorders and depression.If you haven’t exercised or have health concerns, you might want to consult a doctor before beginning a new exercise routine. There is no need to rush; beginning at a slower pace and gradually increasing intensity and quantity are better for the long term. Being excited and quickly entering a new physical activity or exercise regimen can cause injury.Almost all forms of exercise or physical activity help with stress reduction; choose what you find enjoyable.Sticking with it is crucial; making exercise part of your routine and gradually increasing the intensity through realistic goals can help with consistency.Childs, E., & De Wit, H. (2014). Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults. Frontiers in Physiology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00161Exercise and stress: Get moving to manage stress. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/exercise-and-stress/art-20044469This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.

Bipolar affective disorder, previously known as manic-depressive disorder, is characterized by two or more episodes in which the mood and activity levels of a person are drastically changed. These changes consist of increases in mood and activity, mania and hypomania, and decreases in mood and activity, depression. Hypomania is a less intense form of mania.Manic and depressive episodes drastically affect the life of the person and disrupt their normal functioning. Unlike normal fluctuations in mood, with this disorder, the changes are very drastic, and the mood is highly polarized. The symptoms disrupt interpersonal relations and the ability to function at work or in school. Other comorbid mental disorders often accompany bipolar disorder. Sometimes, the symptoms of mania can be followed up by psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions.In both cases, these mood changes negatively affect sleep, judgment, behavior, and concentration.Bipolar disorder can be chronic (persistent and constantly recurring) or episodical (recurring in irregular time intervals). A person with bipolar disorder can have episodes of mania, episodes of depression, and mixed episodes. Symptoms and disorder progression significantly vary depending on the specific case, but an episode usually lasts at least two weeks, every day, for most of the day. Feelings during the episode are intense, and other people notice the changes. Episodes and changes can appear once every few years with some people, while with others, they may appear a few times a year. Between two episodes, there is usually a period of emotional stability. Studies suggest that episodes will occur more frequently without adequate treatment over time.Symptoms:Mania is characterized by elevated pleasure, good mood, self-confidence, sociability, energy, impulsiveness, irritability, and uncooperativeness. Impulsive behavior often leads to life problems such as excessive spending, inappropriate sexual activities, and issues in social and work life. Inability to maintain attention and easy distractibility are often present. Self-confidence is often grandiose and exaggerated, leading to reckless, impulsive, and inappropriate behavior.Depression is different from normal sadness because it prevents the person from functioning normally in their daily life. It is characterized by feelings of excessive regret, insomnia, sleeping too much, problems with concentration, uncontrolled negative thoughts, poor appetite, nervousness, feelings of helplessness, increased alcohol consumption, reckless behavior, increased fatigue, thoughts that life is not worth living. You can read more about depression here (ink).Treatment:Unfortunately, there isn’t currently a clear solution or medicine that could be developed that would allow for the complete healing of bipolar disorder. Still, the treatment being used can help those who suffer from even the most extreme forms of this disorder to overcome many difficulties and live a happy and fulfilled life.Medicaments are used to regulate the symptoms of bipolar disorder, and sometimes, it is necessary to try multiple medicines to see which one functions for the specific person. These medicines are usually mood stabilizers and antipsychotics. Antidepressants are typically used for depressive episodes but must be combined with mood stabilizers. By themselves, they may cause complications. It is necessary to take medication for this disorder in agreement with and under the supervision of a doctor or psychiatrist. Quitting medicament therapy on one’s own accord can also cause complications.Psychotherapy can significantly help with support, education, gaining skills for overcoming problems and understanding emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. Some forms of psychotherapy can prove to be very useful to people suffering from bipolar disorder or their closest people. It is essential to understand that psychotherapy is a broad field with many modalities and depends on the specific therapist and case.If you have doubts that you or someone you know might be suffering from this disorder, seek advice from an expert so that you can better understand this state and the potential treatment methods. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.Bipolar disorder - Symptoms and causes. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955Bipolar disorder. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorderICD-10 version:2016. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/F30-F39 This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.

Even though many associate massages with rest, studies have shown that they can benefit our health. Massages are manipulations of soft tissues in the body that lead to general improvements in health, relaxation, sleep, or specific physical improvements like alleviating pain or stiffness.The most common reasons people get massages include help with pain, injury recovery, lowering stress, and relaxation.There are many forms of massage, usually lasting between 15 and 90 minutes. During a standard massage, the practitioner usually gathers information through touch and pays more attention to areas where they feel greater stiffness or tension.Some of the most popular massage forms are:Swedish massage aims to relax the body and mind; it includes the whole body and focuses on general well-being. The person lies on the table while the practitioner slowly works through different muscle groups. It helps reduce blood circulation stress and relieves pain and muscle tension. Therapists use long strokes, kneading, deep circular motions, vibration, and tapping.Deep tissue massage, also known as deep or targeted massage, aims to release muscle “knots” that create tension and pain. These knots are abnormal accumulations of connective tissue that, if neglected, can damage normal functioning and can often be associated with pain, physical discomfort, stiffness, stress, and headaches. Therapists use techniques that create deeper pressure and precisely work on areas of tension and pain to reach deeper layers of muscle and tissue.Sports massage is usually used by athletes to prepare their muscles for intense physical stress during exercise or a sports activity or for muscle recovery. The massage is energetic and directed towards speeding up the recovery process and improving blood flow.You shouldn’t expect the tension and discomfort accumulating for years to be removed after one session. Getting rid of chronic stress and knots requires an integrated approach. This means a combination of therapeutic massages, exercise, stretching, posture, and movement.Unfortunately, scientific evidence regarding the therapeutic effects of massaging is limited. It is difficult to understand how massaging functions, the most effective amount, and how it can affect specific health conditions.Still, some positive effects have been noted in research, such as relaxing the nervous system and reducing the secretion of stress and pain hormones, which reduce pain and improve the immune system. The impact of sports massages on muscle recovery, the effect of massages on knee pain in osteoarthritis, and the impact of massage therapy on lower back pain were also determined.If you are considering massage as a form of therapy, seek advice from your doctor or qualified medical professional first to determine the specifics of your situation. Massages aren’t a substitute for medical treatment.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Massage therapy. (2024, June 17). NIH News in Health. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2012/07/massage-therapyVickers, A., Zollman, C., & Reinish, J. T. (2001, September 1). Massage therapies. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1071543/#sec3

The human immune system is a collection of many organs, cells, tissues, proteins, and mechanisms that protect us from dangerous bacteria, viruses, parasites, and diseases. The immune system is conditioned by numerous factors, both genetic and environmental. Tobacco, alcohol, stress, physical activity, and, of course, diet can have a significant impact on the immune system. If you want to strengthen your immune system and help prevent diseases, colds, and the flu, you must eat healthily, improving the immune system.By consuming enough water, minerals such as zinc and magnesium, micronutrients, and food rich in vitamins C, D, and E, and adjusting their lifestyle, a person can strengthen their immune system and have preventive effects regarding the development of diseases.Avoiding lousy eating habits can also be effective in boosting the immune system. White flour, white sugar, alcohol, and ultra-processed foods can significantly affect the immune system. Strong immunity is achieved through a varied and balanced diet.We will list some foods that can significantly help in strengthening the immune system: Citrus fruits are an excellent source of vitamin C, which is crucial in producing white blood cells that fight infections. Almost all citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C, so it is easy to add them to your diet, such as tangerines, oranges, lemons, grapefruit, limes… Garlic has been known for its medicinal properties for a long time. It contains large amounts of vitamin C and B6, which make the body more resistant to infections. People use garlic to prevent colds but sometimes also to regulate high blood pressure. Ginger can help reduce inflammation, helping with sore throats and other inflammatory diseases. Ginger may also be beneficial for chronic pain and lowering cholesterol levels.Green vegetables, like spinach, cabbage, and broccoli, can do a lot for the immune system. Cabbage is rich in vitamin C, broccoli in vitamins C and A, and spinach in folate, antioxidants, and fiber. These foods are best eaten fresh or slightly cooked to preserve their vitamins and nutritional properties.Turmeric: This spice has significant anti-inflammatory properties that allow it to treat osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Research has shown that turmeric can aid muscle recovery and boost immunity due to its antimicrobial properties.Different nuts are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins B and E, phytosterols, and various nutrients. Vitamin E is crucial in maintaining a healthy immune system.Green tea is rich in flavonoids and other antioxidants, such as epigallocatechin gallate, which positively affect the immune system.Sweet potatoes and carrots are a good source of beta-carotene, which destroys free radicals, and vitamin A, which plays a vital role in skin health, cell aging, and the battle against viruses and bacteria.Fluids: it is essential to take in enough fluids, primarily water, to maintain general health and the immune system. An organism that lacks fluids will be much more prone to infections.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Burgess, L. (2018, July 10). The best foods for boosting your immune system. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322412#which-foods-boost-the-immune-systemChilds, N., Calder, N., & Miles, N. (2019). Diet and immune function. Nutrients, 11(8), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081933Singh, D. N., Bohra, J. S., Dubey, T. P., Shivahre, P. R., Singh, R. K., Singh, T., & Jaiswal, D. K. (2023). Common foods for boosting human immunity: A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(11), 6761–6774. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3628Ovaj tekst je namenjen isključivo u informativne svrhe. U slučaju pojave bilo kakvih simptoma preporučuje se da potražite savet od svog lekara ili kvalifikovanog zdravstvenog stručnjaka.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Post-traumatic stress disorder develops as a response to experiences of trauma, which is a highly frightening, shocking, or dangerous experience. It is normal and expected to feel fear in these situations of great stress or after them; that is the body's natural response, which helps avoid potential danger. Most people recover from their trauma, but when this does not happen, PTSD can develop, which can last for months or years and disrupt everyday life.PTSD can appear in people of all ages. Factors that contribute to predisposition can be personality traits or a previous history of mental illness; these can lower the tolerance threshold for the development of such a disorder. A traumatic event can happen to the person or something the person witnessed. Traumatic events can be car accidents, war, injury, disease, natural disasters, physical abuse, sexual abuse, the sudden death of someone close…Symptoms:The symptoms of this disorder usually appear in a time of 3 months after the traumatic event but can also first appear years later. For it to be adequately diagnosed, the symptoms must be present for at least one month and disrupt the person's everyday life, like at work or in relationships. It is also necessary to make sure that the symptoms aren’t caused by another mental disorder or the use of medicine or psychoactive substances.The symptoms of PTSD are usually divided into four groups:Symptoms of reliving the trauma: “flashbacks” or reliving the trauma, including physical symptoms like increased heart rate and sweating, repeating dreams about the event, intrusive repeating thoughts and memories concerning the event, behavior as if the event is happening again, uncomfortableness when exposed to stimuli that are associated with the event.Symptoms of avoidance: avoiding people, places, events, and objects that remind the person of the traumatic event, avoiding thoughts and feelings, and avoiding talking about the event and its effects.Symptoms of hypervigilance and reactivity: being jumpy, tense, on edge, always on guard, difficulty with concentration, difficulty with sleep, irritability, bursts of rage, directing too much attention to potential sources of danger.Symptoms that affect cognition and mood: difficulty remembering key parts of the traumatic event, a negative self-image, negative perception of the world, increased feelings of guilt, loss of interest in previously liked activities, social isolation, persistent feelings of fear, anger, guilt, or shame.With time, the symptoms of PTSD can vary in intensity. The intensity can worsen if the person is generally under stress or if something happens to remind them of the traumatic event, like the same time of the year as the event occurs or listening to something about a similar event.Treatment:In the treatment of PTSD, it is essential to collaborate with a mental health expert who has experience with this disorder. The main methods of treatment are psychotherapy and medicine and their combination. In some cases, people with post-traumatic stress disorder live in a continued traumatic situation, like with abuse. In this case, treatment is usually most effective when concerned with the traumatic situation and the symptoms. People who have PTSD often have experience with other panic disorders, depression, abuse of psychoactive substances, and suicidal thoughts and actions. Treating these problems and conditions can be a significant help in alleviating PTSD symptoms. The support of close people like family and friends is an essential part of recovering from trauma.In case you suspect that you or someone close to you might be suffering from this disorder, seek advice from a doctor, psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, or other certified healthcare professional. Working with experts from the field of mental health is a necessity for overcoming and surviving this disorder, which can be very difficult. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.ICD-10 version:2019. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F43.1Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd

Honey is a sweet syrup produced by bees collecting flower nectar. It is a common ingredient in many dishes and is available in many forms. Honey is famous as one of the world's best healing and nutritious food products.Honey is made up of fructose, sucrose, glucose, water, minerals, and trace elements. In addition to its role as a natural sweetener, honey is useful because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.Honey has some specific and unique health benefits but is still practically liquid sugar, so it needs to be consumed moderately. Honey shouldn’t be given to children under the age of one year because it can cause a rare but severe disease, botulism.The specific health benefits of honey will depend on the exact procedure used to process the particular product. Raw honey is unpasteurized, unpurified, unheated, or filtered in any way. It usually contains more nutrients that benefit health and are generally lost in standard processing procedures.Honey contains many essential plant compounds and antioxidants; the darker the honey, the more antioxidants it contains. Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals in the body, which can accumulate in cells and worsen problems like cardiovascular diseases, premature aging, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and autoimmune diseases.One study has shown that honey can help lower blood pressure, regulate cholesterol, regulate improper heart rate, and prevent the death of healthy cells. All these factors are important for heart health.Honey has anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is part of the body's natural process of recovery and wound healing. It helps fight off viruses and bacteria. Sometimes, inflammation lasts too long and can become chronic, which causes more harm than good. Diet is essential when it comes to inflammation in the body.It is believed that honey speeds up the healing of smaller surface-level wounds and burns. Because it contains mainly fructose and glucose, two sugars that bind water in the body, honey manages to absorb the water in the wound, and thus, it dries up, which slows down the reproduction of harmful yeast infections and bacteria.Honey can be a reliable source of help with coughs and upper respiratory infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends honey as a natural cough medicine to help remove irritation.Research suggests that honey has a positive influence on the healthy functioning of the digestive system and can help relieve symptoms of diseases such as diarrhea associated with gastroenteritis.Some studies suggest that honey might have anti-depressive, anticonvulsant, and anti-anxiety health benefits. Results also suggest positive effects on memory loss.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Clinic, C. (2024, May 10). 5 Health benefits of honey. Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/the-benefits-of-honey-how-to-incorporate-it-into-your-dietSamarghandian, S., Farkhondeh, T., & Samini, F. (2017). Honey and Health: A review of recent clinical research. PubMed, 9(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.204647

Tattooing is more popular today than ever before, and negative prejudice against tattoos and people who have them is slowly becoming less pronounced. Because of this, it is easier to get a tattoo than before. Still, you should inform yourself about the potential health risks to lower them.A tattoo is a permanent design or mark on your body made using ink inserted into the top layer of the skin. A tattoo machine has needles that pierce the skin and leave a little ink every time. This is why tattoos can hurt and bleed, depending on the part of the body.One worry is that the ink used can be contaminated with bacteria despite the usual preservatives. Still, it is often unclear whether infections happen because of contaminated ink, bad hygiene regarding the tattooing process, or unhygienic behavior after the tattooing. The good news is that the tattoo industry is always trying to find ways to be more hygienic, like one-way ink containers that prevent potential microorganism contamination.A part of the ink used stays in the top layer of the skin, forming the tattoo, while another part is transported through the lymphatic system away from the skin and into other organs or to be extracted. Colored lymph nodes near tattooed areas are a known phenomenon.Ink can cause an allergic reaction, commonly manifesting as an itchy rash in the tattooed area. Red ink has been found to cause these allergic reactions more often, and they can occur even years after the tattoo has been done. In some extreme and very rare cases, allergic reactions a few hours after the tattoo have led to anaphylactic shock and hospitalization.Skin infections are possible because the tattooing process pierces the skin. They are often the result of contaminated ink or tools that haven’t been adequately sterilized. The best way to prevent all tattoo-related complications is to follow safety and hygiene guidelines.If the tools are not adequately cleaned and maintained, they can spread blood and diseases like hepatitis.Insisting on hygiene and safety is vital. Professional, trained tattoo artists in legitimate studios will be a safer choice. The artist must wash their hands and wear fresh disposable gloves. All the tools required must be for one-time use, while those that must be used multiple times must be sterilized and disinfected.Maintaining the tattoo after the healing process is also essential. Carefully follow the tattoo artist's instructions, stay hygienic, and avoid sunlight and swimming.If you think your tattoo might be infected and isn't healing correctly or that you might be having an allergic reaction, contact a doctor, dermatologist,t or other qualified healthcare expert.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Bäumler, W. (2016). Tattoos and their potential health consequences. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2016.0663Thinking of getting a tattoo? Know what to expect. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/tattoos-and-piercings/art-20045067

Many people who suffer from mental health problems are more likely to speak to a friend or family member than an expert, because of this the support someone can provide is very important. Even though these situations can be uncomfortable, awkward, or confusing, no formal training is necessary for you to be able to be there for someone and provide support.Specific symptoms can be characteristic of specific mental disorders, but there are many disorders. Not all symptoms always appear, and the symptoms can manifest differently in different patients. It is good to inform yourself about the different symptoms and disorders in mental health, but you shouldn’t count on yourself to be able to be able to react to and solve specific severe problems without the help of experts.This isn’t expected of us as those close to someone. It is often easy to recognize changes in mood or behavior with those close to us, even without them approaching us with their issues.Some tips for providing support when we are suspicious or see that someone is having mental health issues include:Showing concern can be an excellent way to approach the problem. Often, people who suffer from mental health issues find it very difficult to be vulnerable and honest about their experiences, even with those closest to them. Showing concern is supposed to communicate that you are there for that person, that you care, that you want to help, and that they can count on you.Provide support: if the person approaches you, you need to communicate that you are willing to provide support and help in any way you can. Approaching others with such problems can be very frightening, so it is essential for the person to feel validated.Patience: It’s essential for the person to feel free to talk about the problems as much or as little as they want; they don’t have to say everything right away. Your ideas about solving the problems might seem correct, but leaving space for the person to make decisions independently is essential because they probably know better. Forming a diagnosis or treatment plan isn’t something you should do; helping them find professional help if needed is the right decision.Offering practical help: Small, practical, everyday things can greatly help depending on the situation. It can also help the person know that someone is willing to help and be present. This can mean finding helpful information, helping organize questions for a doctor or a routine, going to appointments with them for support, helping with household chores, and similar things.Offering to listen: Listening and participating in conversation can be key. You shouldn’t force anything and should be patient. You should set aside time without distractions. Asking open-ended questions can help the person open up and share their thoughts. Summarizing what was said can let them know you are present and understand and help you understand better. Keeping things regular: Changing things in a relationship with a person can lead to feelings of isolation and regret about opening up. Maintaining ordinary things in the relationship, being discreet concerning the issue, and offering support in private are essential ways for the person to know that they have your support.Taking care of your own mental health: Depending on the situation, it can be stressful and difficult to provide support and help someone you are close to who is suffering. It is important not to feel guilty because of these feelings. It’s essential to check up on your own needs and mental health. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Help for mental illnesses. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/find-helpHelp others with mental health problems - Every Mind Matters. (n.d.). nhs.uk. https://www.nhs.uk/every-mind-matters/supporting-others/helping-others/

The quantity and quality of sleep affect many aspects of health. Like a healthy diet and physical activity, sleep has significant effects on the body's healthy functioning and the prevention of many diseases.Quality sleep deficiency can lead to tiredness, nervousness, moodiness, lack of concentration… With only these aspects, sleep can significantly affect all aspects of life, like school, work, interpersonal relationships, and, unfortunately, too often driving.Sleep deficiency can also lead to problems with learning, concentration, reacting to situations, decision-making, memory, and regulating emotions and behaviors.Being unable to sleep is common. Research has shown that around one-third of the general population has experienced symptoms of insomnia, like problems falling and staying asleep, which lead to sleep deficiency.Mental health problems, as well as many mental disorders, often lead to disturbed sleep. Studies suggest that the opposite is possible as well; lousy sleep affects the development, maintenance, and worsening of mental health problems.Studies show that people with insomnia are from 10 to 17 times more likely to experience clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety. Another study has shown that people with insomnia have double the chances of developing a depressive disorder than those without.Some other disorders associated with lack of sleep are post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), eating disorders, and psychotic episodes and symptoms like delusions and hallucinations.Other sleep problems like sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorder, restless leg syndrome, narcolepsy, sleepwalking, and nightmares are all significantly more present in people who have mental health problems.Sleeping has many health benefits, some of which include improvements in problem-solving skills, learning, attention, decision-making, and creativity.Current studies support that specific sleep improvement treatments and improved sleep lead to mental health improvements in a broad population sample. Problems regarding mental and physical health are often intertwined and can worsen each other. It is essential to understand that the benefits of improved sleep on mental health persist even in the presence of physical comorbidities. Improvements in sleep, of course, also affect the betterment of many physical aspects of health, like tiredness, chronic pain, and general quality of life.Disturbed sleep can be a predictor of potential mental health problems. Studies show that improved sleep can have significantly favorable effects on future mental health states as a preventive method. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa HolcerThis text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.How sleep affects your health | NHLBI, NIH. (2022, June 15). NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation/health-effectsScott, A. J., Webb, T. L., James, M. M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S. (2021). Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 60, 101556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556

Falling can happen at any age, but it is most common among older adults, and serious injury can result from falls because of the physical changes that come with age.With time, bones and muscles become weaker, and it becomes easier to lose balance. This leads to a higher risk of falling and serious vulnerability when falling. Studies have shown that falling and complications that occur due to falling are currently a leading cause of injury and even mortality among the 65-year-old population.Because of all this, falling prevention is critical and can be necessary for older adults' health and quality of life. Many effective methods for fall prevention exist, including socio-economic questions concerning the availability and organization of space for older people and people with impaired movement or disabilities. Different questions regarding the effects of certain medications or supplements on this problem are also relevant.Exercising as a method of prevention is efficient, cheap, and can be effective immediately. Skeletal muscles are sensitive to strength training, and losing muscle mass over the years can be compensated and regained. Exercises that focus on balance, walking, and leg muscle strength can help with fall prevention. Group or guided training at home can also have significant positive effects.Some of the main exercises which can help in these cases are:Exercises that focus on the strength of the leg muscles:Standing up from a sitting position (slowly lifting yourself out of the chair, helping yourself with the armrests if needed, or extending your arms in front of yourself, then slowly returning to the sitting position).Knee raises (holding onto something stable for balance, raising your knee to the height of your hip, and staying in this position for a few seconds; repeat with the other leg).Lunges (holding onto something stable for support, step forward with one leg and bend the other so that you will get closer to the ground with that knee; the front knee is facing forward and is bent; keep your back straight and return to the starting position using the same movement, repeat with the other leg).Exercises that focus on improving stability:Stand on one leg (holding onto something stable, bend one knee behind you so that you will remain standing on one leg, then try to let go of the stable surface), or only gently hold it for support. Repeat with the other leg. If you see you will lose your balance, grab for the support.)Walking on the side (holding onto something stable, walking on the side a few steps, then returning in the opposite direction). Let go of the stable surface if possible, or hold it only gently; reach for it if you feel you will lose your balance.)Walking backward (holding onto something stable, walking backward, trying to keep your back straight, if possible, try to let go of the stable surface or hold it gently, reach for it if you feel you will lose your balance.)Begin by doing every exercise 5 – 10 times, with short breaks in between; with time, you can do every exercise 10 times, two times a day. Feeling slight muscle soreness is ordinary; this is a sign that the muscles are working and active; the soreness shouldn’t be so bad that you have difficulty performing everyday activities; in that case, you should lower the intensity. Beginning slowly and paying attention to the physical sensations the next day can allow you to progress at an adequate pace.If you want to improve your physical health or work on fall prevention, it’s always a good idea to consult a doctor or physiotherapist. This can help you gain the best insight into your body's state and what might work best for you.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Sun, M., Min, L., Xu, N., Huang, L., & Li, X. (2021). The effect of exercise intervention on reducing the fall risk in older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312562What exercises can help seniors prevent falls? (2023, June 2). https://www.ncoa.org/article/what-exercises-can-help-you-prevent-a-fall/

Artificial sweeteners are chemicals our taste receptors identify as sweet, and our body cannot deconstruct them. This is why they can have practically zero calories.Artificial sweeteners are used instead of sugar in many ways, most often in sweet drinks with zero calories and zero sugar. Much debate has been held about these sweeteners, whether they are really a healthier option, and how they affect the body.On the one hand, there are claims that these sweeteners increase cancer risk, disrupt blood glucose levels, and negatively affect different functions of the digestive system.On the other hand, most big healthcare providers consider them safe, and they have helped many people drop sugar and regulate their body weight.Some research has shown an association with neurological symptoms such as headaches and changes in the sense of taste. There is also a risk of allergic reactions. Research has shown a connection between artificial sweeteners and cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The effect these sweeteners have on the digestive system is also significant, changing the gut biome, gastrointestinal mobility, intestine absorption, and permeability. Still, most research shows no connection to the risk of cancer.Some studies have shown artificial sweeteners to be a good tool for weight regulation in people who are battling obesity because they do not contain calories from sugar. They are also used in oral pharmaceutical products, significantly increasing their use worldwide.Many factors influence the difficulty of measuring the effects of artificial sweeteners. People often “compensate” for the calories they haven’t consumed with something else. In studies, sugar is completely exchanged for sweeteners, while sweeteners usually just partially alter the diet in reality. Many variables interact with the intake of artificial sweeteners, making conducting large studies and reaching clear evidence difficult.Research suggests that artificial sweeteners have real effects on the development of diseases and health problems. It is essential to understand that these products and their impact on health aren’t prominent, even though producers will claim them to be entirely safe without concern about the lack of scientific evidence. Artificial sweeteners in specific amounts can help regulate carbohydrates, calories, weight, and blood glucose levels. Calorie limitations should be calculated based on many factors, such as age, sex, nutritive status, and physical activity. A holistic plan for a healthy diet can include artificial sweeteners and must be carefully constructed.Research suggests that certain high-risk groups need to pay close attention when consuming these sweeteners. These groups are children, pregnant women, lactating women, people suffering from diabetes, and people suffering from epilepsy.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Ghusn, W., Naik, R., & Yibrin, M. (2023). The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Human Health and Cancer Association: A Comprehensive Clinical review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.51299Sharma, A., Amarnath, S., Thulasimani, M., & Ramaswamy, S. (2016). Artificial sweeteners as a sugar substitute: Are they really safe? Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 48(3), 237. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.182888

Physical and mental health are interconnected in various ways. Firstly, many mental disorders have physiological components, including genetic predispositions and changes in hormones, as well as alterations in brain function.Also, many diseases are followed by mental disorders, and many diseases and states allow situations that are good for the development of mental disorders.According to one study, in comparison with the general population, patients who suffer from serious mental disorders have generally lower life expectancy by 10 – 25 years. This frightening statistic speaks to the necessary urgency with which medical institutions and governing bodies need to react across the world.Among the many factors that increase the mortality rate of people who suffer from serious mental disorders is the presence of comorbid physical illnesses. These physical illnesses are most often cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, cancers, and others.Depression is connected to many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and arthritis. Schizophrenia is also connected to increased risks of heart disease as well as respiratory diseases.Mental disorders also make it harder to face and act on existing physical illnesses.Problems with sleep are persistent in those who suffer from mental disorders; up to 50 – 80% of those diagnosed will have some sort of problems with sleep, while in the healthy population, this percentage is only around 10 – 18%.Problems with mental health and mental disorders also create a higher vulnerability to misuse of psychoactive substances (link), which dramatically affects physical health, especially in the presence of other diseases.It can be assumed that the separation of psychiatry from other branches of medicine, as well as the lack of attention that psychiatrists provide when physical symptoms are in question, can partially be blamed for this. The stigma that follows psychiatry and mental health in general is still present in healthcare systems around the world; this often makes adequate cooperation difficult.What can be done about this?Taking mental health, as well as physical health, seriously is a necessity. States and disorders can make each other worse and thus make treatment longer and harder. If you are fearful of physical problems or diseases, seek advice from your doctor or healthcare expert; if you doubt that you might have a mental disorder, you can seek help from a psychiatrist or psychologist.There are some things you can do that can help with both physical and mental health. it is necessary to understand that these things aren’t a substitute for any kind of therapy in the case of serious illness or a disorder, but are things that can generally positively affect health and problem prevention. Some of them include:Physical activity: research has shown that physical activity and regular exercise improve physical and mental health. Regular exercise has a preventive effect on cardiovascular diseases, some forms of cancer, peripheral artery disease, and fibromyalgia, but with mental disorders as well, such as depression (link), substance abuse disorder, and anxiety disorders.Healthy diet: an unhealthy diet is one of the leading causes of disease worldwide, mainly cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. A healthy diet allows you to obtain the required nutrients which allows the healthy functioning of both the body and the brain, better regulation of mood, positive influence on mental clarity and attention. Diet can affect the development and prevention of mental disorders such as depression and dementia.Avoiding alcohol and tobacco: recreational consumption of alcohol and tobacco, as well as other psychoactive substances, significantly affects health in a negative way. It might lead to short-term pleasure, but it can have many negative consequences in the long run, such as the development of diseases and worsening the development of many mental disorders. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa HolcerDiet and mental health. (n.d.). Mental Health Foundation. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/diet-and-mental-healthFiorillo, A., De Girolamo, G., Simunovic, I. F., Gureje, O., Isaac, M., Lloyd, C., Mari, J., Patel, V., Reif, A., Starostina, E., Summergrad, P., & Sartorius, N. (2023). The relationship between physical and mental health: an update from the WPA Working Group on Managing Comorbidity of Mental and Physical Health. World Psychiatry, 22(1), 169–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21055 Mahindru, A., Patil, P., & Agrawal, V. (2023). Role of Physical Activity on Mental Health and Well-Being: A review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33475 Physical health and mental health. (n.d.). Mental Health Foundation. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/physical-health-and-mental-healthWorld Health Organization: WHO. (2019, November 15). Healthy diet. https://www.who.int/health-topics/healthy-diet#tab=tab_1This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.

There are many differing ways of coping with and handling stress in everyday life. Stress is a feeling that appears in different intensities when a person is under great pressure, feels overwhelmed, or is faced with a traumatic event or important life change. Everybody feels stressed sometimes; it’s a normal part of life.Stress is the physical, mental, or emotional response of the body to an external event or cause of stress, which is called a stressor. A stressor can be anything that causes stress. Sometimes, it’s a one-time event, and sometimes, it’s recurring, causing stress again and again.Research suggests that stress can be positive and productive in certain situations, making the person more conscious, alert, and careful and improving functioning in specific situations. Still, this applies only when stress is short-term, intense, or long-lasting. Stress exposure can lead to serious physical illnesses and mental disorders, of which the most common are depression (link) and anxiety disorders (link).Symptoms of stress can differ depending on the situation, but some of the most common ones include:AnxietyFeelings of being overwhelmedDepressive moodBursts of angerTensionChanges in moodInability to concentrateApathyIncreased consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, or other psychoactive substancesProblems with sleepNervousnessProblems with weightPain, most often in the musclesDiarrhea or constipationThe personality of the individual and the ways of looking at life, as well as the specific aspects of the stressors, can significantly impact how one deals with stress. Different aspects, such as general levels of anxiety, ways of understanding problems, ability to affect relevant events, previous similar experiences, length of exposure to stress, and many others, will influence how one relates to specific stresses. It can be helpful to understand that the circumstances that cause stress can’t always be solved or eliminated, but the ways of perceiving and managing them usually can.Understanding what causes stress is the first step to understanding which coping strategies work best in your specific case.Some general ways of stress regulation and prevention include:Physical exercise can be a very efficient way of overcoming stress. It increases self-confidence and the production of endorphins, which create a feeling of euphoria after exercise.Get a good enough amount of quality sleep. Sleep problems are common with regard to stress. More information about better sleep can be found here (link).Diet has a huge effect on all aspects of health. It’s essential to try and consume an adequate amount of diverse nutrients and vitamins, which allow for the proper functioning of the body and the brain.Consuming psychoactive substances, including cigarettes and alcohol, might seem like something that can help relieve stress, but most often makes things worse, including general health.Relaxing can seem like it is easy to say but difficult to do in practice on an everyday basis. Programs and techniques that help in learning relaxation exist and can have very positive results. “Mindfulness” is one such program, focusing on being conscious of the present moment, meditation, and breathing and visualization techniques.Learning new skills: solving interpersonal problems, emotional awareness and reactivity, feelings of control over things, and confronting complex life events.Support: Asking for support or help from the ones closest to you can have a large positive influence on confronting problems in a healthy and positive way.If you recognize that you have difficulties in overcoming stress that lasts a longer time or that the stress you are faced with is too intense and disrupts your everyday life in significant ways, you might want to seek help from a professional. Consulting with a psychiatrist, a psychologist, or a psychotherapist might help you better understand your problems and direct you toward a treatment plan that will suit you. It's important not to ignore severe and prolonged stress and its symptoms because they can lead to severe physical and psychological problems. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.How to manage and reduce stress. (n.d.). Mental Health Foundation. https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/publications/how-manage-and-reduce-stressI’m so stressed out! Fact sheet. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/so-stressed-out-fact-sheetWorthen, M., & Cash, E. (2023, August 14). Stress management. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513300/

Smoking is a danger to health; tobacco smoke contains many dangerous components and chemicals that destroy the organs and the body. Smoking can cause many complications and long-term consequences, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, glaucoma, problems with blood clotting, chronic bronchitis, diabetes, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cataracts, and others. It also worsens existing problems like asthma and increases the risk of developing other diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other respiratory infections. Besides this, it causes inflammation and worsens the functioning of the immune system, damaging teeth, gums, the tongue, and the senses of smell and taste.More than 7000 chemicals are found in tobacco smoke, of which 250 have been proven to be damaging; of these, at least 69 can cause cancer.Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world; the mortality rate of smokers is about three times higher in smokers than in those who have never smoked.Smoking makes getting pregnant less likely, increases the risk of a miscarriage, increases the risk of the baby being born with an abnormally low body weight, and increases the risk of the baby dying of sudden infant death syndrome. In men, smoking increases the risk of erectile dysfunction.The longer the person smokes, the higher the risk of the consequences; still, no matter the age, smokers can drastically lower the risks of diseases, including cancer, by quitting.Passive smoking (or secondhand smoke) means inhaling tobacco smoke not through a cigarette but the smoke it gives off while being lit or the smoke exhaled by a smoker. Passive smoking causes lung cancer in nonsmokers; some research suggests that living with a smoker increases the risk of lung cancer in a nonsmoker by up to 20 – 30%.Smoking causes a high degree of addiction, primarily because of the presence of nicotine. Addiction to nicotine products is like being addicted to more complex psychoactive substances. The amount of nicotine depends on the specific product, but companies design cigarettes and tobacco products with the intent to create addiction. You can read more about addiction to psychoactive substances, including tobacco, here (link).All forms of tobacco are harmful and cause addiction: cigarettes, cigars, pipes, hookahs, nicotine pouches, and the like.Quitting smoking can have many health benefits, of which some can be noticed immediately:Blood pressure and blood glucose return to normal.Carbon monoxide blood levels begin to drop.In a few weeks, circulation improves, and there is less coughing.In a few months, better lung function can be expected.In a few years, cancer risks, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases will decrease.The long-term benefits are the reduced risks of chronic deadly diseases which smoking brings. People who quit smoking, no matter what their age, have significantly better life expectancy compared to those who don’t. The sooner one quits smoking, the better the benefits and lower the risks will be.There are different ways to quit: cold turkey, using nicotine replacement therapy, using medication, using lifestyle changes like physical activity and psychotherapy to break bad habits.If you want to quit smoking, you can seek help from your doctor or other healthcare professionals and apply for programs. People manage to quit in different ways. It is important to stay determined and resilient and to have the support of your surroundings.This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.Aslam, S. P., Leslie, S. W., & Morris, J. (2024, August 8). Nicotine addiction and smoking: health effects and interventions. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537066/Harms of cigarette smoking and health benefits of quitting. (2017, December 19). Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/cessation-fact-sheet

Consuming certain foods can increase or decrease the risk of varying cardiovascular diseases. If you are fearful of specific heart conditions, haven’t been eating well for years, or just want to fine-tune your diet, healthy eating can make a big difference in your life.Recent findings suggest that diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and lean protein prevent heart disease. On the other hand, it’s recommended to avoid highly processed foods, foods rich in sodium, trans fats, sugar, and sweeteners.The Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets are the current leading diets for cardiovascular health. The most crucial cardio-metabolic risk factors when it comes to heart diseases are diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and large amounts of abdominal fat; all these factors are influenced by diet.Below, we list some general tips for a diet that is healthy for the heart and the cardiovascular system and can have preventive effects when it comes to heart disease:Fruits and vegetables: Fruits and vegetables are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They often have small amounts of fat, sodium, cholesterol, and calories. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can also help lower the number of calories you consume.Lean protein refers to protein with little fat. Non fatty meats, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products, which are low in fat, are all excellent protein sources. Legumes like beans and chickpeas are also excellent protein sources without many fats.Whole-grain wheat is an excellent source of fiber and other nutrients that play a crucial role in cardiovascular health and blood pressure regulation. Switching from white flour to integral and whole grain wheat is very easy. The nutritional value of whole grain wheat is incredibly higher than that of white flower, which has its nutrients mostly removed by its processing, considering most of them are in the membrane of the grain.Fats: Some fats are healthier than others. Saturated and trans fats increase cholesterol levels and worsen the risk of heart disease. Fats that come from plant sources are most often healthy. Foods rich in saturated fats are animal products like butter, cheese, milk margarine, ice cream, and fatty meats like bacon. Unhealthy fats are also found in packaged snacks and sweets.Aside from this, one should keep in mind portion sizes. Uncontrollable overeating can be bad even if the food is healthy. Paying attention is important, and using smaller plates or bowls can help, as can a diet filled with lower-calorie foods like fruits and vegetables.Avoiding foods with large amounts of sodium, sugar, and salt can help regulate blood pressure and thus improve general cardiovascular health.Consistency in a diet can be tricky, especially in the beginning when habits are being formed. Planning and creating a meal plan for longer periods can help you think of healthier meals and reduce the risk of making worse choices.Too rigorous a diet can lead to “burnout,” abandoning the diet plan, and binging on unhealthy foods. While treating yourself occasionally is okay, it doesn’t represent an excuse to leave a healthy diet.If you want to seriously improve your cardiovascular health and diet, you can seek advice from your doctor or nutritionist.8 steps to a heart-healthy diet. (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-healthy-diet/art-20047702Diab, A., Dastmalchi, L. N., Gulati, M., & Michos, E. D. (2023). A Heart-Healthy Diet for cardiovascular Disease Prevention: Where are we now? Vascular Health and Risk Management, Volume 19, 237–253. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s379874Take action toward better heart health: | NHLBI, NIH. (n.d.). NHLBI, NIH. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/heart-truth/eat-a-heart-healthy-diet

Fractures and broken hips are among the most common injuries in the elderly but can appear at all ages. Hip fractures can differ by the location and severity of the fracture or break. There are few parts of the hip, mainly the pelvis, the pelvic bone and the femur. The fracture can happen in any one of these. Fractures in the neck of the femur can be serious because of the potential to make circulation in this part more difficult while fractures of the pelvis can be less painful and serious and often appear in younger patients. These two fractures are most common and can be painful and can make one unable to stand or walk, they can create bruising and swelling.A fracture of the hip as a problem and condition is more often found in the elder population. Osteoporosis is a condition which makes the bones fragile with time and is responsible for roughly 80% of bone fractures in the elderly. Bad balance, weak bones and the progressive losing of muscle mass make falling risky and dangerous for older adults.Diagnosis and treatmentDiagnosing a hip fracture requires a physical examination by a doctor and can include an x- ray. A quick reaction and intervention are positive signs for the prognosis and increase the chances of a successful and fast recovery without complications.Often surgical intervention is needed and specific elements of it will depend on the specific elements of the fracture, its location and the general health of the patient.In the case of such injury and the appearance of symptoms such as hip pain, inability to stand or walk, bruising and swelling in the region and alike, it is necessary to find medial assistance as soon as possible and carefully follow the instructions of the experts to allow for the best and most efficient recovery.RecoveryProper rehabilitation and recovery from an injury like this as well as the procedure that possibly comes with it is essential and can lead to shorter stays in hospitals, better clinical outcomes, better physical functioning and maintaining independence in everyday life. Important factors which can determine the most effective method of rehabilitation are type of fracture, the localization of other injuries and type of intervention or treatment. The goal of these rehabilitation methods is to allow for the reestablishing of mobility and strength in the affected leg and hip, this process can take some time but is key for making a complete recovery.Early mobility can be good for postoperative rehabilitation, independently getting up and sitting down, walking with assistance, getting in and out of bed. Research has shown that early mobility with assistance (48 hours after the operation) often shows positive results and hastens the recovery process.Physical therapy and physical exercise in the acute phase of care can significantly contribute to a faster and more successful recovery, some studies suggest. Intense physical therapy programs have also shown themselves to be more efficient than less intense and delayed ones, with patients that this is safe and doable with. The goal of physical therapy is to, through exercise, increase strength and return control to the affected region, mainly the gluteal muscles and the quadriceps. Physical therapy and the specific exercises and intensity at which they should be performed will in large part depend on the specific situation and require following advice given by the surgeon, physiatrist, or orthopedist.After being released from the hospital it is necessary to follow the instructions which are in the function of further strengthening and allowing for mobility of the joints without risking injury or making recovery more difficult. This usually means exercise programs and avoiding certain activities like carrying or lifting hard items, jumping, bending over or sitting for a long time.Changes in diet can also have effects in the case of bone fractures, you can read more about this here "What to eat after breaking bones?".It is important to take these injuries seriously and carefully follow the rehabilitation process and instructions that the experts give. These injuries can seriously affect the life of the patient and adequate recovery can significantly help with faster overcoming these problems and preventing them happening again.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-in-black-t-shirt-and-black-pants-lying-on-black-yoga-mat-qa1wvrlWCio*Hip fracture - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2022, May 5). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-fracture/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373472Lee, K., Um, S., & Kim, Y. (2020). Postoperative Rehabilitation after Hip Fracture: A Literature Review. Hip & Pelvis, 32(3), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.5371/hp.2020.32.3.125Zhang, X., Butts, W. J., & You, T. (2021). Exercise interventions, physical function, and mobility after hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 44(18), 4986–4996. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2021.1924299

After fracturing or breaking bones certain foods will help while others might even make the recovery process more difficult. Osteoporosis is one of the leading causes of invalidity in older people; 80% of bone fractures in the elderly are caused by osteoporosis. Bones are always strengthening and replenishing themselves, but with age this process is slowed down, faster in some than in others. This leads to the gradual decline of bone density, the amount of certain minerals (mostly phosphorus and calcium) in the bones, which makes them vulnerable to physical stress. When bone density reaches a certain low point you can get the diagnosis for osteopenia, which can lead to osteoporosis.Adjusting your diet and focusing on certain types of food can significantly help with maintaining bone health and recovery after injury.Protein: the body uses protein to repair itself after injury and heal wounded tissue or broken bones. Good sources of protein include meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, seeds and legumes. For more information about the way protein functions in diet read here (link).Calcium: calcium is key in forming and strengthening bones, good sources of calcium are dairy products like milk, cheeses and yogurts.Vitamin D: vitamin D is one of the rarest vitamins in the diet, and people most often have vitamin D deficiency. This vitamin helps the body absorb calcium and the process of mineralization run smoothly. Exposing the body to sunlight is a well-known way to generate vitamin D with the body, but it’s much more effective to consume it through foods such as oily fish (mackerel, sardines, salmon), mushrooms and egg yolks.Vitamin C: this vitamin is key for the synthesis of collagen, one of the most important building blocks of tissue, muscles, ligaments and bones. Vitamin C is contained in citrus fruits, tomatoes, peppers, strawberries, broccoli, potatoes…Iron: food rich with iron also helps the synthesis of collagen and the transportation of oxygen to the bones, good sources are red meat, chicken, oily fish, legumes and eggs.Other important nutrients that can help in repairing and strengthening the bones are kalium, zinc and vitamin K.Groceries that can negatively affect and slow down the recovery process make the absorption of calcium, vitamins and other nutrients in the body more difficult.Alcohol: alcohol slows down the recovery process and can increase the risk of injury because of its intoxicating effects and the loss of balance.Salt: large amounts of salt in the diet can make the metabolism of calcium more difficult, it is generally recommended to decrease the amount of salt consumed when recovering from fractured or broken bones.Caffeine: large amounts of caffeine can slow the healing of bones and lead to more often urinating and discharging calcium through urine. Moderate amounts of caffeine shouldn’t be a problem (not more than 4 cups a day). One should pay attention to other caffeinated drinks such as tea, sodas and energy drinks.Other than this, avoiding fast food and sugar is recommended, they might lead to difficulties in nutrient absorption and inflammation, and thus slow down the recovery process.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/cheese-tray-cheeses-french-cheese-1433504/*Hospitals, C. (2024, September 23). Diet for bone fracture: Foods to eat and avoid. CARE Hospitals. https://www.carehospitals.com/blog-detail/diet-for-bone-fracture/Karpouzos, A., Diamantis, E., Farmaki, P., Savvanis, S., & Troupis, T. (2017). Nutritional aspects of bone health and fracture healing. Journal of Osteoporosis, 2017, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4218472Zhang, J., Liang, D., & Zhao, A. (2020). Dietary Diversity and the risk of fracture in Adults: a prospective study. Nutrients, 12(12), 3655. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123655

A calorie deficit is when diet and activity strike a balance in which the body spends more calories, or energy, than it consumes. Several specific personal factors will lead to specific caloric needs and functioning with every individual. What is clear is that consuming less calories than is needed for maintaining body weight is what leads to weight loss.Calories are energy units which are found in food and which the body uses like fuel. Calories come in different shapes and different foods can have the same number of calories, this still isn’t a good enough reason to equate them and ignore the rest of the nutritional value.In everyday life, the body burns calories, be it through exercise, doing normal everyday activities, even not doing anything and resting. The number of calories which is necessary on an everyday basis will depend on many factors such as age, sex, physical activity levels, bodily constitution and alike.The body often doesn’t use all the energy it consumes, storing it for later in the form of fat and carbohydrates. If one consumes more calories than one spends, the amount of stored calories and fat will increase.If one spends more calories than one consumes, like when a calorie deficit is achieved, the body will use the previously stored reserves of energy and fat and thus lead to weight loss. It is impossible to lose weight without a caloric deficit.Calories are spent through three main ways:Basal metabolism, this is the number of calories or energy, which the body uses to function normally during rest, it is used on functions such as breathing and blood circulation.Food digestion, energy that is spent on digestion, absorption and metabolization of food.Physical activity, this refers to energy spent on movements like exercising, everyday activities as well like walking, house chores, work and alike.Some other things that affect changes in weight include physical activity, hormones, stress exposure, genetics, quality and quantity of sleep, and other health issues…Calculating caloric intake for the purpose of creating a healthy calorie deficit can be done in many ways, calculating everyday calories consumed and comparing to changes in weight can be done using an online calculator or independently. Most often 300 – 500 calories less than weight maintenance calorie intake is a good and safe enough calorie deficit which leads to weight loss. It is necessary to pay attention to not starving yourself if you want to lose weight, too large of a calorie deficit over longer periods of time can lead to serious health problems and complications.If you want to lose weight and aren’t sure about the approach which you want to take and the number of calories you should cut, a good idea is always to consult a nutritionist or doctor, they could help you create a good diet plan which could help you stay safe and healthy.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/scale-diet-health-tape-weight-403585/*

For a long time, carbohydrates have played the role of an enemy in the world of food and diet, but they are the main source of energy to the body and allow for normal physical and mental functioning, they are key for health and proper organ function.General caloric intake is more important than specific nutrients when it comes to weight loss, losing weight is impossible without inducing a caloric deficit. Carbohydrates are key macronutrients in health and general recommendations are to consume 45 – 65% of calories through carbs, of course, this depends on a multitude of factors such as body constitution, activity levels, regulation of blood sugar levels and alike.Many diets suggest reducing carbohydrate intake for weight loss purposes, which can have good short-term effects and other health benefits such as lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, but also carries certain risks.In the absence of carbs people will often compensate by increasing their calorie intake through the other two main macronutrient groups, protein and fats. One hypothesis about why decreasing carbs in diet can lead to significant short-term weight loss results is that protein and fats have a filling effect, and so lead to less hunger and cravings and help induce a caloric deficit.Another hypothesis is that diets that decrease carbs allow for better calorie expenditure. The proponents of these ideas assume that the body will, in absence of its main energy source, be quicker to start burning up stored layers of fat and protein for energy and so help lead to better weight loss results.Deciding on specific amounts of carbohydrate intake daily depends on a multitude of factors such as age, constitution, disease history… If you are trying to lose weight or lower the harmful effects of carbohydrates, a good idea might be to start by removing the unhealthiest sources of carbs in your diet such as refined grains or added sugars.This by itself might not have the weight loss results as would the diets focused on reducing carb intake like:KetoAtkinsPaleoIn either case, it could be a good idea to take care of which carbs we are consuming as well as watch out for portion sizes. Quality healthy carbohydrates contain a lot of fiber, like in fruit, vegetables, legumes and whole grains.Even though a debate exists about the mechanisms by which decreasing carb intake effects weight loss, studies suggest that short-term effects exist. If one reduces carb intake without taking care of the rest of one’s diet the results probably won’t be there and neither will the required nutritional value necessary for healthy functioning.Reducing carbohydrate intake can pose some risks depending on the specific diet and health of the person. Among the most common are the lack of other nutrients, “keto flue”, digestive problems, increased risk of heart diseases in some cases, less energy, headaches, muscle spasms, bad breath and alike.If you are planning to make a change in your diet it is important to firstly make sure you are well informed and understand whether this process is safe and effective in your case, you can seek advice from a doctor or nutritionist to make sure of that. It is especially important to approach carefully in case that change is drastic and if you have previous health issues that might be affected by it.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/vegetables-asparagus-tomatoes-leek-1403046/*Christiansen, S. (2024, January 10). How many carbs to eat daily for weight loss. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320773Can a low-carb diet help you lose weight? (n.d.). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/in-depth/low-carb-diet/art-20045831Oh, R., Gilani, B., & Uppaluri, K. R. (2023, August 17). Low-Carbohydrate diet. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537084/

Jaw clenching and teeth grinding are common automatic reactions to fear, stress or anger. With some people these reactions happen automatically even without the presence of a direct stressor. This unconscious jaw clenching and teeth grinding which isn’t related to food chewing is called bruxism, and it more commonly appears while people are awake, but more research has been done on the version of it where it appears while sleeping. This occurrence is more common with children and adolescents than older adults.When bruxism is happening while the person is sleeping, because of the lack of perception or consciousness, the person can clench their jaw or teeth extremely hard, causing damage to the teeth or muscles.Nighttime bruxism means that many people who have this problem aren’t even aware of it until someone points it out to them or they start to notice some of the symptoms.The clenching and grinding isn’t something that is happening continuously, most often it comes in inconsistent short intervals.Some of the symptoms of bruxism can be seen in the damage done to the teeth, chipping, breaking, loosening or pain. Other symptoms can be pain, numbness, tension or damage done to the jaw or facial muscles, as well as headaches.The causes of bruxism are most often attributed to psychological factors such as high stress, bad mood, nervousness, tension and alike. Other causes include genetic predispositions, alcohol consumption, caffeine and nicotine consumption and bad reactions to certain medicines.The long-term consequences of nighttime bruxism can be serious damage done to teeth crowns, seals and alike. It can also lead to serious problems with the jaw, difficulties in chewing, chronic jaw pain, cracking and alike.Not all symptoms are the same for everybody and the consequences will depend on specific factors.No specific solution has been found for all kinds of bruxism but there are many ways which can help reduce the episodes and the amount of damage done.Reducing stress can significantly help with this, different types of psychotherapy can be helpful in this regard, helping better manage and overcome stressful situations and events.Pharmacotherapy can also be useful, most prescribed drugs for this problem are based on reducing muscle activity which is associated with jaw clenching. Mouth guards or braces can help with reducing the damage done by bruxism, or help stabilize the mouth or jaw in a certain position.Bruxism can have significant consequences and will probably definitely lower quality of life. If you or someone you know has some of these symptoms it is important to consult a dental or medical expert so that you can approach this problem in the most efficient way.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from :https://unsplash.com/photos/person-wearing-silver-diamond-ring-fmB7IdFjhTM*Bruxism. (n.d.). National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/bruxism#symptomsLal, S. J., Sankari, A., & Weber, K. K., DDS. (2024, May 1). Bruxism Management. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482466/

Between the 16. and 22. week of pregnancy the baby will start to hear sounds from within your body such as your heartbeat, after the 23. week it will be able to identify your voice and other external sounds. Between the external world and the interior of the womb are layers of fluids and your body, so the baby will hear everything muffled by about half. In the beginning the babies’ ears will only be able to hear tones of lower frequencies, so it will generally hear male voices better, but your voice ill be loud for the baby because it is so close and reverberates throughout your body. Studies have confirmed that babies identify and prefer the voice of their mother while within the womb. When they can recognize it, babies react to the mother’s voice with an increased heart rate which suggests excitement.After about 26 weeks the baby can start responding to the sounds it hears, changes in heart rate, breathing or movements. Loud noises can scare the baby and cause sudden movements, ultrasound has shown changes in facial expression when babies hear music.The sounds a baby experiences while in the womb contribute to the development of its brain and hearing, which, of course, continue after birth.It isn’t necessary to artificially promote this natural process, and there is no data to suggest that playing Mozart or other classical music will make the baby smarter. Research does suggest that listening to music as well as other sounds and voices while in the womb helps the development of hearing, memory and emotions. It’s all right for you to continue your everyday life with the same tempo and eventually try to avoid exposing yourself to very loud surroundings.It's important to take care of the sensitive ears of your baby, and not expose them to noises that are too loud. Do not put headphones directly on your stomach, the sound will be amplified while traveling to your baby and will probably be too loud for it.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from :https://pixabay.com/photos/pregnant-mom-child-pregnancy-woman-775036/*

Hair transplantation or restoration is a treatment which transfers hair follicles from one region to another region without hair, or with thin hair. This method is used for different forms and levels of hair loss with people of both sexes. It is usually recommended only after other methods for hair loss prevention have proven unsuccessful.Today, with the development of modern technologies, surgeons can transfer small amounts of hair and achieve results that look completely natural. The method most often used in hair transplantation is based on removing small parts of the skin of the scalp which contain healthy hair and transferring them to other regions. The procedure lasts a few hours, depending on the specific case, and most patients stay awake during it, usually taking medication to numb the scalp. If it’s needed to have more than one procedure, the patient must wait a few months between them, so that the scalp can heal adequately.Hair transplantations are permanent procedures, after enough time passes and your doctor tells you it’s okay, you can treat the hair you transplanted the same as you would the rest of your hair. Still, there exists a possibility that some parts that are transplanted might not survive and fall out.There are many causes of hair loss such as genetics, diet, exposure to stress, hormonal disbalance, the use of certain medicines and different diseases such as alopecia areata, androgenic alopecia or thyroid gland problems.A good candidate for a hair transplant is someone who:-   Is in good general health-   Has enough healthy hair on their head which can be used in the procedure-   Has the ability to grow hair in the region where the hair is thinRealistic expectations are also necessary, if the person has enough healthy hair which can be used, they can expect the best results. As with any surgical procedure there are certain risks, in this case they include allergic reactions to medicine or anesthesia, blood loss, unsuccessful parts of the transplantation, infections, losing feeling in the scalp and scarring.Many people have a very difficult time with hair loss and the possibility of returning one’s hair brings improved confidence and a permanent solution to a serious aesthetic worry.It’s important to choose a good and experienced surgeon if you are choosing to pursue this procedure, you should carefully follow their instructions regarding the procedure and the recovery. If you haven’t, try other methods for hair recovery and hair loss prevention before this one.In case any symptoms like a fever that won’t drop after the procedure, scalp bleeding, strong pain in the scalp or signs of infections appear after the procedure make sure to immediately contact a doctor or health professional.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/hair-hair-care-hair-transplant-8457142/*A hair transplant can give you permanent, natural-looking results. (n.d.). https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/hair-loss/treatment/transplantProfessional, C. C. M. (2024, May 1). Hair transplant. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21519-hair-transplant

Skipping rope has many health benefits, it helps bone strengthening, weight loss and promotes cardiovascular health. Skipping rope is often performed as an exercise or recreational activity, there are plenty of ways to skip rope and many techniques which can be incorporated into it.The good thing about this type of exercise is that it can be fun, it’s easy to do, cheap, we often associate it with our childhood and can always throw in new moves and challenges.Focus and concentration are also needed to adequately skip rope, this makes this exercise calming and addictive. Skipping rope requires coordination of arms and legs as well as good timing, this stimulates and exercises physical coordination as well as the brain.Skipping rope increases heart rate and thus helps with the prevention of many kinds of cardiovascular diseases. This can vary and be modified depending on the intensity and length of the exercise.This type of cardio exercise helps with burning calories. The success and number of calories burned, of course, depend on the intensity and length of the exercise as well. Still, skipping rope burns an unexpectedly large number of calories and is one of the best exercises to perform if you want to lose weight. Again, you can increase the intensity of the exercise by adding new moves.Some studies suggest that jumping rope can affect bone strength. Landing creates a small amount of stress on the bones which can help in their strengthening.In the beginning with this exercise, as with many, a bit of patience is suggested. Some experts suggest that you can begin skipping rope every day if you incorporate rest days from time to time. Others suggest that in the beginning 3 times a week is enough until the body gets used to this unusual activity. Session length usually depends on your abilities and preferences.As with most exercises it’s required to have a careful approach because of the new moves your body isn’t used to and risk of injury.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-using-jumping-rope-7QYd1VxLRbM*

Protein is a key macronutrient for the human body and its growth, maintenance and general healthy functioning. Protein contains amino acids which are used for building and recovery, or rather repair, of muscles and bones, as well as for the creation of hormones and enzymes. It’s also key in the travel of oxygen thorough the body and is used as an energy source.Protein is naturally consumed through food, the specific amount of protein which is recommended daily depends on factors like weight, sex, age and health. Protein can be found in many different foods, the most in the following:-   Fish and meat-   Eggs-   Dairy products-   Seeds and nuts-   LegumesResearch has shown that protein has a filling effect, which can significantly help with weight loss, besides its significance in muscle building. Also, more protein in the diet can help with keeping the lost weight off, which can be one of the hardest parts of long-term weight loss.If you are physically active, it’s necessary to consume enough protein so that your muscles can recover adequately from the stress they’ve been placed under. Adequate amounts of protein are also necessary for recovery from injury of any kind.A diet rich in protein can have significant effects on metabolism regulation and lead to a more efficient way of spending calories during the day.Protein is key in the creation of antibodies which fight off viruses and bacterial infections, an adequate amount of protein in the diet is sure to help immune system regulation.Some studies suggest that protein can help with reducing blood pressure and the risk of numerous cardiovascular diseases.Because of the significant positive influence on the health of muscles and boles that protein has it can help with healthy aging. Some of the main reasons for the worsening of life quality with age are related to frailty and muscle and bone deterioration, this can be prevented by remaining in good physical condition and having a healthy diet.Focusing on a good diet and consuming more protein daily can hardly be counterproductive. Still, in cases of too much protein consumption problems with digestion, kidneys, constipation, dehydration, risk of diseases and deficiency of other nutrients, may arise. This almost always happens only with very increased protein consumption in diets which extremely focus on protein intake.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/flat-lay-photography-of-assorted-variety-of-stir-fried-and-vegetable-foods-3iexvMShGfQ*

The healing properties of thermal, or mineral, waters have been known by people since ancient times. Today, with the development of modern technologies, it is easier to specifically determine what diseases might be affected by these waters and in which ways. Hydrotherapy, a form of therapy which includes waters differing by their content and temperature, depending on the need, is used across the world. Some advantages of mineral waters in therapy include no use of potentially harmful drugs or chemicals, it very rarely poses a risk to the general health and well-being of the patient or causes any unwanted symptoms.Still, because thermal waters are different depending on their source, and because the underlying molecular processes are complicated, clinicians find it challenging to correctly assess the efficacy of these methods.For more information about the health benefits of thermal water click here "How do thermal waters affect health?".One of the important fields in which mineral, or thermal, waters have proven themselves to be efficient is skin health, in such a manner that besides being a way to treat some chronic skin diseases, it has become a bottled skincare product or is often used as a component of other products like cremes, lotions and serums.Balneotherapy is a healing method that is based on using, and most often submerging, in waters and muds. Dermatologic diseases which are often successfully treated using this method are psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Other states treated using this method include acne, lichen planus, pruritus, rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis, and xerosis or dry skin.Thermal waters are efficient when it comes to inflammation and pathology related to stress.The biological mechanisms which lead to such healing properties are still not fully understood, it is clear that neuroendocrine and immunological reactions to balneotherapy and specific minerals and temperatures are related to the therapeutic effects.It is necessary to understand that thermal waters by themselves aren’t a clinical method which is fully understood and is often recommended when other more traditional methods fail.Mineral waters in products can be used to calm irritated skin, like with insect bites, sun damage, shaving or some other sort of skin reaction.Thermal waters have hydrating properties, they protect the skin from free radicals and the negative effects of the surroundings, they refresh and tone the skin, which makes it a good preparation for applying creams or serums.Besides all of this, thermal waters, as a skincare product, have a role in setting makeup. If applied after cosmetics it will help the makeup be steady and more difficult to smear.Thermal, or mineral, water as a product is often sold in spray bottles which makes its use very simple. The water is sprayed on the face or body, and you wait for the skin to absorb it. If after 1 – 2 minutes, there is still water remaining on the skin feel free to remove it with a swab.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-floating-on-body-of-water-during-daytime-jP8C_yTF4BE*Benu.Rs. (2022, November 2). Čemu služi termalna voda i zašto treba da je koristimo? BENU.RS. https://benu.rs/termalna-vodaCacciapuoti, S., Luciano, M., Megna, M., Annunziata, M., Napolitano, M., Patruno, C., Scala, E., Colicchio, R., Pagliuca, C., Salvatore, P., & Fabbrocini, G. (2020). The Role of thermal water in Chronic skin Diseases Management: A Review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 3047. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093047Mourelle, M. L., Gómez, C. P., & Legido, J. L. (2023). Hydrobiome of thermal waters: Potential use in dermocosmetics. Cosmetics, 10(4), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10040094

With age come many changes and challenges in life which can significantly affect mental health, facing health problems or the loss of someone close, for example. Many people will face such problems and feelings of grief, isolation and loneliness are normal to a certain extent. Still, if feelings like these persist too long and their influence becomes too strong it can lead to mental disorders such as depression or anxiety. Besides this many older adults can experience lesser mobility, chronic pain, frailty, dementia or other health problems. It’s often for there to exist problems with substance abuse and even suicide.The state of mental health in older adults is often ignored and undiagnosed. People often think of depressive symptoms as a normal part of getting older. It’s expected that older people will also have a culturally different understanding of mental health and often harbor more stigma towards this topic.Taking care of mental health is important at any age. Efficient methods of treating mental disorders in older adults exist and can significantly improve quality of life. It’s important to recognize the symptoms of these disorders and look for professional help to better understand these disorders and efficient therapy methods.The World Health Organization says that:- By 2023. one in six people in the world will be aged 60 years or over.- Loneliness and social isolation are key risk factors for mental health conditions later in life.- One in six older adults experience abuse, often by their own carers.- Approximately 14% of adults aged 60 and over live with a mental disorder.- Mental disorders among older adults account for 10.6% of the total years lived with disability for this age group.Risk factors with older adults are different, their mental health is influenced by cumulative life experiences and specific stressors which are related to aging, besides the usual factors which may affect mental health. Older adults are often the victims of ageism, or stereotypes and prejudices based on their age, this can significantly worsen mental health. Social isolation and loneliness which affect around one fourth of older adults, as stated by the World Health Organization, are significant risk factors for mental disorders in this age group. Experiences of abuse are, unfortunately, common with older adults, and often at the hands of their caregivers, this means psychological, verbal, emotional, physical or sexual abuse. This often leads to depression and anxiety, as well as many other problems. Some older adults live with serious health issues or in poor conditions which can’t provide the conditions for good healthcare. Some older adults also live with somebody who suffers from a chronic illness, this role of caregiver and the responsibility it brings can often be overwhelming and stressful.What can be done?For older adults social relationships are an important factor in reducing the risks of isolation and loneliness. In this age group significant interpersonal relationships and social activities can contribute a lot to mental health and life quality. Initiatives for making friends or being part of workshops or different work activities can mean a lot.Awareness about agism and abuse is necessary, understanding what older adults go through and providing the necessary care and support.Recognizing and treating mental disorders, as well as the problems which accompany them, is key. If you suspect that you or someone close to you suffers from a mental disorder it is necessary to contact a doctor, psychologist, psychiatrist or other qualified healthcare professional for advice. Mental disorders in older adults can be difficult and complicated because of the often numerous other difficulties and complications these individuals are faced with, as well as comorbidities which often occur in these periods. Taking mental health seriously and following the instructions provided by professionals is necessary. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.Depression and older adults. (2021, July 7). National Institute on Aging. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/mental-and-emotional-health/depression-and-older-adultsOlder adults and mental health. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/older-adults-and-mental-healthWorld Health Organization: WHO. (2023, October 20). Mental health of older adults. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/couple-elderly-walking-fall-trail-6653517/*

Henna is a plant used for dyeing because of its natural pigment. It can be found in India, Africa, and some parts of Asia.Henna powder is obtained by drying the leaves of the Lawsonia inermis plant.When it is applied to the skin, hair or eyebrows, it leaves a reddish or orange color, and when it is mixed with some other herbal ingredients, darker tones can be obtained and thus the palette of tones is expanded and maximally adapted to users.Apart from cosmetic purposes, henna is also used in the traditional art of mehndi.Mehndi is the art of drawing henna on the skin and is most commonly represented in India.Allergic reactions to henna occur rarely. If any of the symptoms listed below appear, be sure to immediately wash the product off the head or any other part of the body where henna is present.Allergy symptoms are:1. Red seals on the crown i.e., wherever the henna came into contact with the skin2. A burning sensation on the scalp, behind the ears, and/or the lower part of the neck3. Quincke's edema - a change in the appearance of the head and face due to the formation of edema on the head and/or face.This is one of the more dangerous manifestations of allergy; as a result of edema, the eye slits decrease, and the mouth swells. If this type of allergic reaction occurs, contact a doctor immediately.4. Intense watery eyes5. Nasal congestion or increased nasal dischargeIn order to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction, it is necessary to check the expiration date indicated on the package, if the henna is before the expiration date, it is not worth using it.If you've never used henna before, try doing a home allergy test.Read the instructions on the package on how to make the henna mixture and follow the instructions, only instead of applying it directly to your hair or eyebrows, take a small amount of the product and spread it on your hand.When you spread it on your hand for 30-40 minutes, wash the part you spread, if there is no allergic reaction in the form of burning, itching, rash or redness, you are not allergic to the product.It would be best to consult with someone who has experience working with henna.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from:https://pixabay.com/photos/hands-hand-jewellery-ornament-3444087/*Reference: "Alergija na kanu." iFashion, https://ifashion-hr.decorexpro.com/hna/allergiya/ChatGPT,  https://chatgpt.com/?oai-dm=1

Two parts of the story of changing or maintaining weight are the intake and use of calories. Most people remain at the same weight for most of their lives, without everyday effort and focus on how many calories they consume and spend. Calories are consumed through food and drinks, while they are spent or used through physical activity and exercise. In this context, physical activity refers to all movements of the body that require the use of calories or energy, while exercise means a planned structured physical activity.Taking care of your diet as well as physical activity and exercise are both incorporated into any serious weight loss program.Research suggests that exercise promotes cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, glycemic control of type 2 diabetes, blood pressure regulation and prevents depression symptoms. Because of the numerous health benefits of exercise, and everyday physical activity, it is difficult to measure exactly how much exercise, independent of diet, affects weight loss.Most, but not all, studies suggest that exercise itself has an almost insignificant effect on weight loss. The amount of exercise needed for a significant loss in weight is simply too great for the average person and isn’t in accord with the previously recommended amounts of exercise for health benefits, 60 minutes a day for example, if you are only using exercise and not paying attention to diet.The theory that might explain these unexpectedly low effects of exercise on weight loss might suggest that individuals who exercise more “make up for it” by lowering physical activity levels during the day or eating more.Still, other studies show that one of the best predictors of long-term weight loss is developing and maintaining a good exercise routine.When strength and endurance training is combined with aerobic exercise, the long-term results will be better than in only aerobic exercise. Strength exercises promote muscle mass gain, the loss of muscle is minimized and the amount of fat that is being lost is increased.  Another benefit is the effects that strength training can have on metabolism, you can read more about this here (link). Aerobic exercises burn more calories than strength training, but strength training helps build muscle mass which promotes burning more calories when resting.One should bear in mind that it is impossible to spot reduce fat and lose weight in a specific part of the body. Certain parts of the body are more prone to storing fat than others, and when losing weight progress will be seen in some spots faster than in others.Weight loss using exercise and physical activity is dependent on many factors, like specific goals and training methods. Still, the effects of any kind of physical activity on weight loss will be most felt when combined with proper dieting.Studies show that a combination of exercise and regulating diet, or rather lesser caloric intake, has by far the most effect when it comes to both short-term and long-term weight loss. The re-gaining of the lost weight is significantly less probable if exercise is included in the program, and it represents one of the more important issues in long-term weight loss.A healthy diet and exercise together provide significantly better results than either of them on their own.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/a-man-on-a-treadmill-with-a-laptop-8uzJGgJ1_3w*Cox, C. E. (2017). Role of physical activity for weight loss and weight maintenance. Diabetes Spectrum, 30(3), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds17-0013National Academies Press (US). (2004). Weight-Loss and maintenance strategies. Weight Management - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221839/Willis, L. H., Slentz, C. A., Bateman, L. A., Shields, A. T., Piner, L. W., Bales, C. W., Houmard, J. A., & Kraus, W. E. (2012). Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults. Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(12), 1831–1837. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01370.2011

Chia seeds come from plants of the same name, chia, they are a rich source of minerals and nutrients, have a hydrating effect on the body, promote healthy digestion, regulate bowel movements and electrolyte levels. These seeds can have a diverse range of use in diet, most often they are used soaked, put into porridge, pudding is made from them or are just sprinkled into different salads.These seeds contain different functional components, fibers, polyphenols, omega – 3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and peptides. Other than that, they are a good source of vegetable protein, unsaturated acids and carbohydrates.Chia seeds have become significantly more popular in the last few years because of their high nutritional value and numerous health benefits.Because of the antioxidants they contain, chia seeds can reduce the risk of a number of cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidants in chia seeds can also positively affect inflammatory processes in the body.Also, because they are full of fiber, they can help reduce high blood pressure, which in turn lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease more. Being rich in fiber also helps regulate insulin resistance and blood sugar levels, which lowers the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. High fiber intake also helps with digestion and metabolism, because of the great capacity for water absorption, chia seeds increase the volume of food in the digestive system and create a greater sense of fullness.Even though chia seeds produce all these great health benefits, one should mind the amount taken. Too much may lead to unwanted consequences. Problems with digestion may arise, mostly because of the amount of fiber, as well as constipation, diarrhea or bloating.  They can have negative interactions with some medication, usually because of their ability to lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure. If a medication is already fulfilling this function, consuming too much chia seeds might lead to serious drops in sugar and pressure levels.Because of this it is recommended to not consume too much chia seeds, to begin slowly (1 spoon a day, in a meal), to prepare them by allowing them to expand before eating (soak for 5 minutes). Later, you can add more to your diet, while monitoring if digestive problems arise. Experts suggest that there is no reason to consume more than 2 spoons a day. *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/spoon-chia-seeds-healthy-diet-1112987/*

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computing that deals with developing systems and training them to perform tasks that require human intelligence.It includes the following capabilities:Language comprehensionLearningProblem-solvingFormation of perceptionMaking a decisionArtificial intelligence can be divided into the following categories:Special artificial intelligence - aims to perform specific tasks, such as conducting conversations or recognizing images.General artificial intelligence - aims to have traits as similar as possible to humans, such as the ability to think and solve problems in different contexts.Machine learning is a subgroup of artificial intelligence focused on the development of algorithms that build a base of information and allow systems to learn without programming.Deep learning is an advanced technique that uses neural networks to analyze complex patterns for large amounts of data. In medicine, machine learning is used to improve diagnostics, treatments, and, of course, the patient's overall health.Diagnosis of diseasesWhen we say disease diagnosis, we mean analyzing images such as MRI, and X-rays, to recognize the early stages of cancer or heart disease.Prediction of treatment outcomeThe prediction of the treatment outcome is based on the medical history, so artificial intelligence can estimate when the patient will recover from a certain disease or how he will respond to therapy.Monitoring of the patient's conditionHealth monitoring devices such as smartwatches that monitor vital signs such as heart rate and display activity levels also use machine learning to help detect health problems early.Optimization of clinical processesWhen optimizing clinical processes, artificial intelligence can participate in tasks such as scheduling staff, resource management, promotion, and improving the patient experience.Data analysisLarge databases of information about patients are used for various research, such as drug research, treatment effectiveness, or studying epidemic models. Artificial intelligence aims to identify patterns.Diagnostics based on symptomsChatbots and virtual assistants analyze the patient's symptoms, make recommendations, and provide further advice for specialist examinations.In Serbia, an Institute for Artificial Intelligence takes steps towards implementing artificial intelligence in healthcare.They are focused on the diagnosis of breast cancer and the development of new drugs. Also among the projects is an initiative focused on the improvement of mammography. This would speed up the process of detecting the early stage of breast cancer.This innovative use of artificial intelligence in the healthcare system will relieve the system and improve its services.The more artificial intelligence develops, the more it will become a part of our everyday life.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from :https://unsplash.com/photos/white-robot-near-brown-wall-2EJCSULRwC8*References:Institut za veštačku inteligenciju. (n.d.). Kako unaprediti zdravstvo primenom veštačke inteligencije. Preuzeto sa https://ivi.ac.rs/news/kako-unaprediti-zdravstvo-primenom-vestacke-inteligencije/OpenAI. (n.d.). ChatGPT. Preuzeto sa https://chatgpt.com/?oai-dm=1

Hyaluronic fillers are used to correct irregularities in the skin of the face, neck, décolleté and hands.Its main role is to restore volume, correct irregularities such as wrinkles, and additionally help contour the face.Hyaluron is a complex sugar found in the connective tissue of the skin and performs important functions such as hydrating the skin, maintaining skin tone, neutralizing harmful free radicals, and replenishing lost volume.Since our organism recognizes it as part of our body, it is compatible and decomposes in the body in a period of 6 to 12 months.Some of the most common corrections are:Lip augmentation and lip contouringCheekbone contouringContouring of the lower jawNose correctionCheek liftRemoval of wrinklesThe procedure itself with hyaluronic fillers does not require special preparation unless you have a skin infection or some other inflammation.It is important that before applying the hyaluronic filler, the make-up is thoroughly cleaned from the area where the filler is applied.After removing the makeup, a local anesthetic in the form of a cream is applied to the region to be treated to relieve pain during the procedure itself.After the treatment, you don't need any special care, you can return to your daily planned activities, it's just important that you don't apply creams, don't touch your face and don't expose yourself to the sun and solarium until the swelling subsides.Hyaluronic fillers cannot last forever, which means that you should regularly go for corrections. The first time you put fillers, they will last the shortest. Each time you go for a correction, the effect will be longer.If you are not sure whether you are ready for this kind of aesthetic treatment, consult your doctor and he will explain the procedure to you and of course answer all your additional questions.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-holding-pen-and-white-cotton-candy-l9VjM-Pp7-M*Reference:https://reamedika.rs/usluge/hijaluronski-fileri/

The international day of mental health is set to October 10th every year. The goal of marking this day is to raise awareness about the importance of mental health across the world and promote understanding and education about the different far-reaching problems and aspects of mental health.Most people would probably agree that good health is a key aspect of something one might call a good life. There are different definitions of health, be it the “absence of symptoms” or something more akin to “the state of physical, mental and social well-being”. Still, most people will react with empathy, support and pity when someone close to them has a physical illness, but react with fear, impatience, misunderstanding and judgement to mental health issues. Mental disorders in a significant matter make everyday life more difficult, whether it be because of difficulty in cognition, emotion or behavior. These difficulties and stresses created by mental health are hard enough for the person going through them because their ability to function normally and realize their potential is compromised, and they also must deal with social isolation, and judgement because of a lack of understanding and education about the topic in society.These people require support, understanding and patience, which is most often what they don’t get. The World Mental Health Day was established by the World Federation of Mental Health in 1992, since then every year this day has been marked with the goal of raising awareness. With time the activities and events surrounding this event have developed and the day became a platform for governments, organizations and individuals to develop initiatives which are focused on the differing aspects of mental health. Every year, the World Federation of Mental Health chooses a theme for the World Mental Health Day and works to establish educational material regarding the topic to the different organizations it collaborates with.This year, the official theme of the World Mental Health Day is “it’s time to prioritize mental health in the workplace”.Most employed adults spend most of their time at work. In the best-case scenario, work can be a source of meaning, stability and joy, besides money. Unfortunately, for most people, this is hardly the case, and work represents an endless source of struggle and stress. Of course, this type of exposure to a difficult and stressful environment will poorly affect the mental health of these individuals and reflect itself in their, and their families, lives.The World Health Organization, regarding the World Mental Health Day, has signified the importance of preventing mental disorders and maintaining mental health at the workplace. They state that a safe and healthy work environment can be a protective factor for mental health and that a negative work environment affects mental health, general quality of life and work productivity.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/man-and-woman-hugging-each-other-photography-9vHPCKymSh0*About 2024 – World Mental Health Day. (n.d.). https://wmhdofficial.com/about-2024/World Mental Health Day 2024. (2024, October 4). https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-mental-health-day/2024

Pain is a signal sent to the brain in order to notify it that something isn’t right, that there exists some kind of illness or injury in the body, and pain in some form is the most common cause for people to seek out medical help. So, we can look at pain as a symptom or warning which signals a specific problem, but sometimes the causes of pain are unknown or already healed. Chronic pain is persistent and continuous in a period of at least three months, with varying potential causes which can sometimes remain completely unclear. Chronic pain has far reaching consequences that affect the life of the individual who suffers not only physically but emotional and mental stress and often have significantly more difficulty in everyday life. You can read more about chronic pain here . For some types of pain there aren’t any known efficient treatment methods, and some methods cause new symptoms and consequences, so experts stubbornly continue with their search for new ways to alleviate pain.In recent years, the medical use of cannabis has become more noticeable and the decriminalization and legalization for medical use has become more common around the world. The controversy surrounding cannabis, or marijuana, as a psychoactive substance is clear, its use, even though it is a “light drug” can lead to numerous unwanted consequences as well as to addiction.The cannabis plant contains many chemical components, of which cannabinoids are most present, they affect the endogenous cannabinoid receptors in the human nerve and immune systems. The most important and most present cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC gives the psychoactive aspect of cannabis, the euphoria and the psychotic nature, while CBD isn’t psychoactive and anti-anxiety and any-psychosis effects. The specific chemical structure depends on the concentration of these two cannabinoids and their interaction, medical cannabis has higher amounts of CBD which limits the psychoactive effects, while recreational cannabis has higher amounts of THC.For many years, numerous studies have proven the efficacy of medical cannabis in treating chronic pain. One study examined the experiences of patients who used medical cannabis and suffered from neuropathic pain, back pain, arthritis, post operational pain, migraines and alike, most of them said the biggest take away was the feelings of alleviated pain while the second was better sleep. The biggest down sides were the cost of the treatment and the stigma they felt for using cannabis. In another study, a significant lowering of the amount of other opioid drugs used has been shown, if medical cannabis is used for treating the pain. This shows a significant positive alternative or something to combine the opioid analgesics which can have severe damaging effects and consequences, unlike cannabis. Cannabis is illegal in Serbia, but CBD is notIn Serbia today cannabis isn’t legal, but products do exist which are made of industrial hemp which contain extremely low quantities of THC (less than 0,3%). You can legally buy CBD flowers and CBD oil which contains even 0% of THC.CBD isolated from THC is significantly less researched than medical cannabis which includes THC, still, the role of CBD as a cannabinoid and its effects on the organism have been known for a while. Research suggests that CBD can help with sleeping disorders, spasticity, Tourette syndrome, nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy and alleviation of chronic pain. The negative effects of CBD can be tiredness, sleepiness, lower appetite, diarrhea, lower blood pressure and increased liver toxicity. Further research about the therapeutic and medicinal properties of CBD are being done because of its natural origin, wide applicability, low risk of addiction and safety.Data from the World Health Organization over the years has shown more and more benefits to using CBD for medicinal purposes. Research suggests that CBD can help with alleviating pain and inflammation in different states such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain, its effects on chronic pain aren’t equally clear as those in medicinal cannabis which contains higher amounts of THC. A lot more research is required to better understand chronic pain as well as the vast ways in which it is possible to treat this complex problem.CBD products are considered generally safe but unwanted reactions or interactions with other medications are possible, because of this it is important to consult with a doctor or healthcare expert about the way of consuming these products and the appropriate dosage.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/green-cannabis-leaves-and-black-glass-drops-bottle-b2haCjfk_cM*Bains, S., & Mukhdomi, T. (2022, December 12). Medicinal cannabis for treatment of chronic pain. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574562/Mack, A., & Joy, J. (2000). MARIJUANA AND PAIN. Marijuana as Medicine? - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224384/Villanueva, M. R. B., Joshaghani, N., Villa, N., Badla, O., Goit, R., Saddik, S. E., Dawood, S. N., Rabih, A. M., Niaj, A., Raman, A., Uprety, M., Calero, M., & Khan, S. (2022). Efficacy, safety, and Regulation of cannabidiol on Chronic Pain: a Systematic review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.26913

Brow liftBrow lamination is a cosmetic treatment that helps define, shape, and lift eyebrows.The treatment provides a natural, shaped, and fuller brow appearance. On average, it lasts an hour, and the results last 3 to 5 weeks.Brow lifting is done with a hypoallergenic serum, which involves raising and coloring the hair.It is similar to the effect of microblading, but this treatment is not permanent makeup.It is suitable exclusively for people who have their own natural eyebrows. Of course, the final result of the treatment depends on the density and quality of the natural brows.The treatment does not contain toxic substances, and pregnant and nursing women can use it.If you do not want your eyebrows dyed, emphasize this to the beautician immediately at the beginning of the treatment. Also, the hairs do not have to be combed upwards, but you can style them as you see fit 24 hours after the treatment.The treatment is not harmful; you will only notice that the hairs are slightly dried out. At the end of the treatment, a preparation for nourishing the hairs is applied.No, avoid getting wet for 24 hours after the treatment.Allergic reactions are very rare to this treatment except in susceptible people.Lash liftEyelash lift, or perm, is a treatment that lifts and nourishes the hair with keratin. At the end of the treatment, the eyelashes are dyed to give them a darker look, and the eye looks more open.The duration of the treatment is 45 to 50 minutes. The effect of the treatment lasts from 6 to 8 weeks.The treatment is suitable for everyone who has natural eyelashes, but it is especially important for people with light, drooping eyelashes.The treatment is safe for pregnant women, but of course, you should be careful.It is not harmful because the eyelashes are nourished and cared for during treatment.Avoid wetting the eyelashes for 24 hours after the treatment. Also, wait 48 hours after the treatment, and only then apply mascara to the eyes, making sure it is not waterproof.If you decide to do one of these two treatments, consult an expert and pay attention to allergies to the substances used in these treatments.References:https://www.perfecteyelash.rs/akademija/lash-volume-lift/#:~:text=Tretman%20je%20pogodan%20za%20svaki,tretmana%20ih%20hranite%20i%20negujete.https://www.browart.rs/sr/tretmani/svilene-trepavice/lash-lifthttps://make-up.rs/saveti-i-trikovi/part-1-sve-sto-treba-da-znas-o-tretmanima-lash-lift-i-brow-laminationhttps://ladiesmakeup.rs/sta-je-lash-lift/https://www.browart.rs/sr/tretmani/brow-liftChatgpt *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/close-up-of-a-persons-eye-fU1mjbwBCFU*

Meditation can cause significant effects on physical and mental health. This practice has been done for thousands of years in lots of cultures and religions, today it functions as a way to deal with stress mostly. Research has shown that meditation has significant health benefits, it betters the immune system, reduces inflammation, betters the metabolism and helps with healthy aging.Meditation is a positive influence when it comes to diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, fibromyalgia. It helps with lowering cholesterol levels in the blood as well as regulating blood pressure levels, improving proper breathing and affecting brain waves.Mental health can also be significantly positively affected by meditation. The positive relaxing emotions and experiences associated with meditation can help in the battle against all sorts of mental disorders like social anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression. It improves mood and the relaxing effects can be a big help in stress regulation.Meditation has proved itself on the neurobiological level as well, research done using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown changes in brain structures cause by meditation. These changes are diverse and include, among others, the activation of cognitive and emotional centers in the brain, positive effects on the aging of brain tissue and improvements in brain functions, such as cognition, learning, attention and alike.Research has shown that efficient meditation can even influence the speed at which telomeres shorten, which means it can play a role in delaying aging, because the life span of a cell is closely related to the regulation of telomeres.The brain is an incredibly complex and neuroplastic structure, which means it can change and adapt as needed, and we don’t understand it fully.Types and techniques of meditation are numerous and varying, usually based on calmly focusing on one thing, such as breathing, and disregarding all other thoughts in this time frame. It is a good idea to try finding a specific type of meditation that suits you the best. You shouldn’t expect too much in the beginning, it is all right to take it slowly with a practice like this to get used to and adjust to it.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-sitting-on-sand-ie8WW5KUx3o*Jamil, A., Gutlapalli, S. D., Ali, M., Oble, M. J. P., Sonia, S. N., George, S., Shahi, S. R., Ali, Z., Abaza, A., & Mohammed, L. (2023). Meditation and its mental and physical health benefits in 2023. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40650

An appropriate amount of physical activity can have numerous positive effects on your health. Exercise, other than being able to help you lose weight, gain muscle mass, increase strength and endurance; can have a significant positive effect on your mental health, healthy sleep, concentration, lower blood pressure, lower risk of many chronic diseases (type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, some forms of cancer…)In which way, and how often, should you exercise depends on the results you wish to achieve. Any amount of physical activity is a positive influence on general health, be it walking, cycling or doing more physical jobs around the house.Aerobic exercises are considered endurance exercises, they require coordinated rhythmic repetitive muscle movement in a prolonged time. These exercises strengthen the heart and allow it to pump blood more efficiently, in doing so it betters blood flow and circulation, as well the lungs. These exercises can include brisk walking, cycling, running, swimming, basketball, soccer, tennis… Research suggests that any form of increased aerobic physical activity can yield significant health benefits, but recommend at least 150 minutes a week of “moderate” aerobic activity, or 75 minutes of “intense” activity for the average person when it comes to basic health benefits. For more benefits like faster weight loss and keeping the weight off, 300 minutes a week is recommended.Strengthening muscles and increasing muscle mass can have numerous health benefits as well, improved metabolism, better sleep, better mental health, injury prevention, blood sugar regulation, mobility and flexibility, bone health… Strength exercises can be done using weights, machines, your own body weight or other tools. It isn’t necessary to exercise every day, and it can even increase injury risk. For most people, working out like this two to three times a week is enough. If you want to exercise more and better optimize your results, you can divide exercises by muscle groups, which can allow you to exercise even five times a week because you don’t activate the muscle group which is tired from the previous days. It is important not to overdo it and rest because of injury prevention and adequate muscle recovery, rest should last at least 48 hours when training one muscle group.It is important to remember that a multitude of different factors effect physical activity like diet, time spent sitting and alike. It is generally good to aim at a more physically active lifestyle for better health, while specific fitness goals often depend on various factors that need to be worked on consistently and carefully.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/group-of-people-in-gym-while-exercising-3RnkZpDqsEI*Exercise and fitness. (n.d.). https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/phy_act.htmHow much activity do you need? (2024, June 17). NIH News in Health. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2019/01/how-much-activity-do-you-need

PRP is an abbreviation, and the full name of the treatment is Platelet Rich Plasma.The treatment works on a completely safe principle. The patient's blood is taken and placed in a special blood centrifugation machine. During centrifugation, red blood cells are separated from blood plasma.Blood plasma is rich in white blood cells and platelets, which enables the success of this treatment. These cells aim to stimulate hair growth by activating and stimulating hair follicles.By injecting plasma into the skin of the furry part that needs treatment.Through this process, the treated tissue becomes more blooded and hydrated, and of course, the regeneration process begins. In the period from 7 to 70 days, the process of creating new hair follicles begins, as does the revitalization of existing ones.The treatment procedure is not painful because it is done under local anesthesia. The treatment does not last long, and there is no discomfort during the treatment because the hairy part to which the blood plasma is applied is numb while the local anesthesia lasts. Excessive damage to the skin and do not cause discomfort after the treatment.You will repeat the treatment according to your doctor's recommendations, who will assess how often repetition is necessary.Side effects of the treatment are almost non-existent, but you will also discuss them with your doctor.Given that the treatment is based on using one's own blood plasma, there are extremely rare cases of any type of allergic reaction.PRP is effective for both sexes who want to strengthen, stimulate growth, and improve their hair with this treatment.Consult your doctor before the treatment to be informed about the complete process. Be sure to prepare for the conversation with your doctor and think of the questions you want to ask him so that you don't end up in a situation where you are not sufficiently informed about the treatment.Visit our website/app and find a facility near you that provides this service.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-with-braid-hair-ZvPoZtY-0ng*References:https://www.mbc.rs/sr/sve-sto-treba-da-znate-o-prp-tretmanu-koseChatGPT.

Winter, like every season, brings us significant challenges regarding body care. Body care is complex in the summer, but it is much more complicated in the winter to keep the skin well-groomed and healthy.Important to note is that skin care must be done from the outside as well as the inside.There is still no magic cream on the market that will keep the skin healthy if we do not sleep enough, do not consume adequate water, and do not have a balanced diet.Here are a few things you should pay attention to in winter when it comes to external skin care.HydrationAs always, hydration comes first. Adequate amounts of water should be consumed, but attention should be paid to showers and baths. When it comes to showering, the water should be lukewarm because hot water further dries the skin. Pay attention to the composition of your shower gel and avoid aggressive components that further dry the skin. Of course, after showering, gently dry your skin with a towel and apply hydrating milk or skin care oil that suits you. Before going to bed, apply hydrating cream on your face and hydrating lotion on your body.Winter clothesOf course, you should dress appropriately for this season. Before leaving the house, apply SPF, hand cream, and lip balm. Don't forget to wear a hat, scarf, and gloves.Butters and oilsOils and butter can be used throughout the year, but in the winter, they are vital for maintaining well-groomed skin. Research which oil suits you best and use it all year round.A balanced dietWinter is the period when our immunity most often declines, which, of course, affects the skin. Make sure that your diet is based on healthy foods that stimulate your immune system. Avoid industrial sugars and fast food, and of course, don't overdo it because it will affect your weight.If you dedicate yourself to nutrition and skin care, you are well on your way to shining in the winter. Don't forget that nothing happens overnight, so even adequate skin care requires effort and discipline. The result of dedication and persistence will be compliments related to your skin that you will receive from those around you.Reference:https://krugzdravlja.rs/nega-tela-zimi/https://onaportal.com/nega-koze-zimi/*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/white-face-massager-j1WYUNgLbOk*

Pregnancy represents the most beautiful period of a woman's life, and here are some interesting facts that you probably did not know.Babies born in May are heavier. Babies born in May are heavier than babies born in other months. This is mainly attributed to children because there are many holidays until May, so expectant mothers consume more caloric food than usual.Pregnancy and shoes a size bigger?In addition to the fact that your standard clothing size changes during pregnancy, prepare shoes that are a size or two bigger.Baby ActivityBabies are active, and in their stomachs, they usually suck their thumbs and play with the umbilical cord, but they can dream and cry. Hair growth and sheddingHair grows more during pregnancy and falls more after childbirth, in proportion to the hormonal order. The hormonal order should return to normal in 6 months.Skin changes90% of women notice some skin change within 9 months, such as darker freckles or hyperpigmentation.Enjoy every moment of your pregnancy. Love yourself and your body. *This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-lying-down-in-a-hospital-bed-uS5lTkVwSb0*References:https://bebac.com/cinjenice-o-trudnoci-koje-mozda-niste-znali/https://www.mamaklik.com/2021/09/24/100-cinjenica-o-trudnoci-koje-mozda-nisi-znala/

It is known that thermal waters rich with minerals can have different healing properties, these waters have been used for centuries for treating different diseases around the world. Serbia is rich with thermal springs and spas which treat many ailments, depending on the specific content of the water.The content of the thermal waters depends on the location of the spring and the content of the rocks and minerals through which the water passes. When therapy choice includes thermal waters in some way, specific water is chosen for specific ailments, depending on its contents and how it affects the body.Thermal waters can have differing healing effects on the body, for example, cold and hypothermal water can cause physiological reactions such as the reduction of local metabolic function, local swelling, muscle spasms, it can cause the dilation of blood vessels, improve blood circulation and lower blood pressure. It can have significant influence on the mobility of granulocytes and the behavior of some microbes and enzymes, they can also help increase the extensibility of tissue rich with collagen.Hydrotherapy, a method of therapy which uses water in different ways to treat health issues, usually works on a thermal, mechanical or chemical level. Thermal effects are achieved by exposing the body to either very warm or very cold water. While heat has the effect of dilating blood vessels and improving circulation, cold has the effect of narrowing blood vessels and relieving pain. Mechanical effects are achieved usually when the body is completely submerged in water, buoyancy (the force which affects an immersed body, working opposite the direction of gravity), hydrostatic pressure and the resistance water provides all have a positive effect on reducing pain and promoting the ability to exercise because of the decreased stress or weight put on the specific body part. The chemical effects are caused by minerals, ions, oxygen, mud and other things which are either put or found in the water, they create a chemical reaction when coming into contact with the skin, improving its integrity and immunity. Bathing in water rich with minerals at different temperatures can remove microbial peptides which cause a variety of skin diseases, ease swelling, improve microcirculation, improve the regulation of processes in the immune system and generally improve quality of life.Thermal waters significantly affect skin health and are mainly used to treat skin diseases like eczema or psoriasis, the presence of minerals in thermal waters helps enrich and hydrate the skin. Minerals in these waters can have antioxidant properties and lower the risk of damage done by the sun. They lower inflammation and alleviate irritations.It’s also important that bathing in thermal waters has a calming effect. The process of heating and then cooling off the body helps with relaxation and promotes better and deeper sleep; people claim to feel well rested and refreshed after waking up the next morning. Aside from the healing properties it can have on physical illnesses and help in recovery, the psychological component of helping with relaxation from everyday stress is also important.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/leafless-tree-on-lake-at-daytime-kBnRJJ7UkyM*An, J., Lee, I., & Yi, Y. (2019). The thermal Effects of water immersion on health Outcomes: An Integrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071280Cacciapuoti, S., Luciano, M., Megna, M., Annunziata, M., Napolitano, M., Patruno, C., Scala, E., Colicchio, R., Pagliuca, C., Salvatore, P., & Fabbrocini, G. (2020). The Role of thermal water in Chronic skin Diseases Management: A Review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 3047. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9093047

Whether it’s working out at home or at the gym, and whether you’re working out for weight loss, muscle gain, health reasons or mental health, it’s crucial to have consistency and endurance. This is why a lot of people find it easier to incorporate exercise into their everyday routine which they stick to, the question is what are the differences between exercising in different times of the day?The specific time doesn’t have a significant influence compared to quality of exercise and consistency. Both morning and evening exercise garner results, researchers are often conflicted about this topic and cannot with confidence say what the significant differences ultimately are. What’s most important is for you to choose a time that suits you and will allow you to incorporate exercise into your routine better.In the mornings you might feel tired and sleepy, which can influence your performance. Your body temperature is lower in the morning, this can cause worse circulation which can lead to muscle stiffness and higher risk of injury. On the other hand, morning workouts can help with focus and energy levels during the day. Exercising helps with lowering the levels of the stress hormone cortisol and overall benefits mood, this way of starting your day can be beneficial for many reasons. Beginning the day with exercise can help get this part of the day out of the way faster and not have to worry about things that might affect or motivation later. Some studies suggest that morning exercise can have positive effects on weight loss and can improve sleep quality.Evening exercise, if intense, can poorly affect sleep quality because of the increased energy levels. People often find it harder to exercise in the mornings, so because of this, gyms are often more crowded later during the day and time slots are more often occupied. Also, other evening plans might make consistency more difficult. On the other hand, some research suggests that exercising later during the day might improve strength and performance, which can mean better results. Afternoon or evening exercise can help relieve stress from the day, it lowers cortisol levels and releases endorphins, which affect mood. Most people are more available for working out in the evening, making it easier to exercise with friends or meet new people. Unlike morning exercise, injury risk is lowered because the muscles and body are warmer in the evening.Still, we accentuate that the best time for exercise is one that will best suit you and help you stay consistent. Research suggests differences and leanings in some aspects of these time differences but are also often conflicted and faulty. What is most important is endurance and consistency, as well as responsibility and care when it comes to injury.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/a-man-is-doing-push-ups-on-a-machine-Qn1_JCbL_04*Bruggisser, F., Knaier, R., Roth, R., Wang, W., Qian, J., & Scheer, F. a. J. L. (2023). Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00577-5 Seo, D. Y., Lee, S., Kim, N., Ko, K. S., Rhee, B. D., Park, B. J., & Han, J. (2013). Morning and evening exercise. Integrative Medicine Research, 2(4), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2013.10.003

Seasonal (winter) depression is also known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a type of depressive disorder which is most commonly appears in winter and fall and passes by spring and summer. Because of its cyclical nature, it is also called recurrent winter depression. Research shows that a significantly smaller part of the population shows the reverse pattern, in which the depressive mood appears in spring and summer.Technically speaking, seasonal depression doesn’t necessarily have to be connected to climate seasons, but this is most commonly the case. What differentiates seasonal depression from regular depression is and which is required for its diagnosis, is for the symptoms to appear in a specific, same time of the year, for at least two consecutive years.It’s normal for people to react badly to colder weather, less daylight and more virus infections which come with fall and winter months. Less physical activity, bad diet and more stress are also factors which can contribute to the general sense of sadness. What is important is that SAD is something more than this, like depression is more than just sadness. What most commonly differentiates these normal and pathological states refers to how much the symptoms disrupt the everyday life of the individual, their intensity and persistence. Many people experience “winter blues” and find it difficult to work, socialize, sleep adequately or have enough energy in this period. The difference is that these things would translate to inability to complete work-related tasks, social isolation, disturbed sleep, inability to get out of bed, and alike. Symptoms of seasonal affective disorderSymptoms of this disorder are recurrent and last about 4-5 months a year. These symptoms encompass symptoms of depression, but there are also specific symptoms for both summer and winter patterns of this disorder. Not all symptoms are the same for every person and not every person has all the symptoms.Symptoms of depression can be:Persistent sadness and/or lowered moodFeelings of hopelessness and/or helplessnessLoss of interest/pleasureExhaustion/lower energyFeelings of emptiness, emotional flatnessFears of death, loss, suicideDisturbed sleep (too much or too little)Disturbed concentration, indecisiveness, problems with memoryLoss of confidenceDisturbed appetite (too much or too little)Feelings of guilt and blaming oneselfPsychomotor agitation or retardationHeadaches, chronic pain, cramps, digestive issuesSuicidal thoughts and attemptsTypical depression (a depressive episode) is characterized by the presence of more of these symptoms, for almost every day, in the time span of at least two weeks.Symptoms for winter pattern SAD are:Too much sleep and sleepiness (hypersomnia)Overeating, typically craving carbohydrates, which leads to gaining weightSocial withdrawal (feelings of hibernation)Symptoms for summer pattern SAD are:Trouble sleeping (insomnia)Weak appetite, leads to losing weightUneasiness and agitationAnxietyAggressive behaviorCauses of seasonal affective disorderResearchers are still trying to understand what causes SAD. Studies are primarily focused on the causes of winter pattern SAD because it is significantly more common and easier to study.One theory is that people with SAD have lower levels of serotonin production in their brains. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which, among other things, helps mood regulation. Researchers suggest that sunlight has effects on molecules which help regulate serotonin levels. Shorter days can lead to less sunlight making the normal function of these molecules more difficult and thus leading to less serotonin in these periods.Vitamin D deficiency can also worsen these problems, researchers suggest that vitamin D also promotes serotonin activity. Other than being consumed through food vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight.Other research suggests that SAD is under significant effect of disturbed melatonin levels in the body. Melatonin is a hormone which is important for keeping a balanced sleep schedule. People with winter pattern SAD produce too much melatonin, while people with summer pattern produce too little. Disturbed sleep, either too much of it or too little, can play an important role in the development of depressive symptoms.Both serotonin and melatonin help regulate the bodies biorhythm and sleep schedule, the theory is that this leads to difficulties in adapting to seasonal changes in daylight length which in turn leads to symptoms which affect mood, behavior and of course sleep. Treating seasonal affective disorderAs was stated before, sunlight seems to play a key role in this disorder and its development. It seems logical to deduce that higher exposure to sunlight will have positive effects on this disorder, it is necessary to go out and get as much sun as possible. Light therapy can also be used, this therapy uses a device which simulates sunlight and is used as its alternative in the darker parts of the year.This method, as well as vitamin D supplementation are primarily used for winter pattern SAD. There aren’t any specific treatment methods for summer pattern SAD now.Other than this, which refers to specific seasonal aspects of this disorder, it is treated in the same way as regular depression.Depression is most often treated using a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Pharmacotherapy with antidepressants is often used to regulate neurotransmitter disbalance and alleviate symptoms, while psychotherapy has the role of helping understand the patterns and situations which lead to the development of such a condition. In some cases, psychotherapy is enough. Different forms of psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic techniques, can be effective in bettering outlooks on life, understanding one’s negative patterns of thinking and behaving, developing social, emotional and cognitive skills, better understanding of oneself and one’s life context.If you have doubts about having symptoms of depression or SAD, seek help with your doctor, psychologist, psychiatrist or other licensed healthcare experts. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/sad-man-person-atmosphere-mood-4209944/*Seasonal affective disorder. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorderSeasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): More than the winter blues. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder-sad-more-than-the-winter-blues

When talking about narcissism in everyday life, we often imagine a person who is selfish, self-absorbed and has no empathy for others, this colloquial term originates from the serious personality disorder called narcissistic personality disorder. Like with many mental disorders, it is necessary to make a difference between different manifestations of some personality traits or moods, and pathological problems which damage the person and their surroundings. It’s easy to call someone narcissistic in a moment of frustration or anger, but people who suffer from narcissistic personality disorder don’t do the things they do out of malice.What is narcissistic personality disorder?The DSM 5 (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder) diagnostic criteria define this disorder as a pattern which is ever-present and characterized by grandiosity (in fantasy and behavior), lack of empathy and a need for constant praise and adoration. It most often begins in early adulthood and seeps into many aspects of one’s life.For diagnosing, the DSM 5 requires the presence of at least 5 of the 9 symptoms listed here:A grandiose feeling of one’s own importanceOccupation with fantasies of incredible success, power, intellect, beauty or loveBeliefs that they are special and unique, and can only be understood, and should only connect, with other special and high-status people or institutionsNeed for excessive adorationFeelings of entitlement to special treatment and obedienceTendencies to exploit others in interpersonal relationshipsLack of empathyFeelings of envy towards others or beliefs that others are envious of themArrogance and superiority in behavior and beliefsWith personality disorders, it’s often difficult to differentiate between a normal style of behavior which resembles a personality disorder and real pathology. While normality would mean something like healthy self-confidence, belief in oneself, preferring certain surroundings; pathology could mean a grandiose feeling of self-confidence, omnipotence, appreciating only those who are perceived as equally special. Narcissistic personality disorders are also defined by their lack of empathy and humility, unhealthy feelings of envy instead of a normal ability to praise others, and inability to show compassion or true altruism.Persons with this disorder can be perceived by others as boastful, arrogant and unpleasant. Narcissistic personality disorder is a personality pattern which persists in the life of the individual for a long time and in different situations and contexts, it can lead to significant interpersonal and professional difficulties in the functioning of the person. Narcissistic personality disorder is often associated with other mental disorders, which can worsen functioning even more. It most often appears with other personality disorders, but can also be accompanied by disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, dysthymia and bipolar disorder. It is also often associated with substance abuse problems. As for personality disorders its comorbidity is highest with histrionic, antisocial and borderline personality disorders, it is necessary to precisely diagnose and differentiate between these disorders.Causes of narcissismResearch suggests that narcissistic personality disorder has a strong genetic component, on the other hand, certain experiences in early and key formative periods of childhood can play a significant role in developing this disorder. Negative developmental experiences such as abandonment or avoidance can lead to a “fragile ego” which can contribute to the development of a narcissistic personality disorder later in life. In contrast to that, intense praise and the elevation of the child's accomplishments and beliefs that it possesses special capabilities can lead to a later pattern of expecting constant praise. It could be said that contemporary western capitalistic culture of individuality breeds narcissism by emphasizing the importance of the individual and rewarding “stepping over others” to achieve one's goals. Still, there isn’t any evidence that these surroundings cause narcissism, they allow narcissistic people to look for social status and attention, for example through social media.Types of narcissismAs with all personality disorders, it is difficult to measure personality and understand what makes it pathological. Every personality is specific and conditioned by a multitude of factors, so there are also many different clinical representations of narcissistic personality disorder.The two types of this disorder that stand out are the grandiose and the vulnerable subtypes.The grandiose subtype includes open grandiosity, aggression, a clear lack of empathy, exploitation of others and self-confidence. They have a clear belief in their own superiority, they exploit others for their personal gain and show aggression when someone confronts them. They often seek out positions of power and authority in society and organizations, but research shows that their tendencies to go after their own goals despite the good of the collective can often pose a problem for the organization they lead or their position in it.The vulnerable subtype presents itself as sensitive and defensive, it can often be disregarded or misunderstood. These individuals tend to be more susceptible to mood disorders, anxiety and a fragile concept of self with low self-esteem. This form of narcissism accentuates the defensive style of presenting oneself, being deeply hurt when others don’t perceive them as special or criticize them, because of their self-esteem and introversion. They also don’t have the capacity for empathy, when they show it, it is always for elevating their own image. Unlike the grandiose narcissist who will clearly exploit others, vulnerable narcissists will more often be manipulative in their attempts to control others. Treating narcissistic personality disorderPeople who suffer from narcissistic personality disorder often can’t recognize that there is something wrong with their behavior. They are most often brought in by family members or close people in their lives after the amount of stress they are experiencing because of the narcissist becomes unbearable or culminates in an event. This can be a good opportunity to create therapy goals focused on a specific thing in the life of the patient. Chances of the narcissistic personality disorder disappearing are low, with or without therapy. The most effect is provided by psychotherapy; pharmacotherapy hasn’t proven significant other than in the cases of treating comorbidities. Psychotherapy can have significant effects in helping people with this disorder better understand their condition, better their interpersonal relationships, better evaluate their abilities, help better understanding and communication of emotions, alleviate confidence problems and learn to set realistic goals.Psychotherapy can have a short-term function helping in stressful periods of time, but also a long-term function in which it can help the person live a more fulfilled and easier life. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer. Narcissistic personality disorder. (2024, September 9). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9742-narcissistic-personality-disorderMitra, P., Torrico, T. J., & Fluyau, D. (2024, March 1). Narcissistic personality disorder. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556001/*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/people-girl-face-lips-mirror-2604159/*

Biorevitalization is an aesthetic procedure used to improve the appearance and quality of the skin.How It Works?The procedure is most commonly performed through microinjections containing vitamins, hyaluronic acid, amino acids, and other nutrients necessary for skin revitalization. The injections aim to deeply hydrate the skin and stimulate the production of collagen and elastin, resulting in improved elasticity and firmness.Who Is the Procedure For?This procedure is intended for anyone looking to enhance skin quality, whether dealing with early signs of aging or more mature skin.Which Areas Does the Procedure Cover?The procedure covers areas such as:FaceNeckDécolletageHandsWhat Are Skinboosters?Skinboosters are advanced aesthetic treatments that differ from traditional dermal fillers for volumization. Their specialized formulation, when applied through injections into the dermis, improves skin appearance and quality by providing deep hydration and stimulating collagen production.Advantages and RisksAdvantages of this procedure:HydrationReduction of fine lines and wrinklesQuick resultsRisks of this procedure:Redness and swellingBruisingInfectionThe first effects are visible two to four weeks after the completed bio revitalization when the skin's hydration is consistently maintained. This leads to the activation of fibroblasts, which results in collagen synthesis.The effects of this procedure last from six months to a year, depending on individual predispositions.For more information about this treatment, visit the page on our website/application. Find institutions in your area that offer this type of service. We recommend visiting the Nada Diva Polyclinic located in Novi Sad. The polyclinic provides this treatment along with a range of other procedures. To see what other treatments are offered, visit their profile, Polyclinic Nada Diva.eferences:Nadadiva, https://nadadiva.rs/estetska-medicina/biorevitalizacija-lica-skinboosterima/ChatGPT (OpenAI)*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from :https://unsplash.com/photos/clear-glass-tube-with-brown-liquid-dw6tvK_PuxM*

Regular exercise and physical activity have effects on the strengthening of the immune system, alleviating symptoms when having a cold or the flu and even faster recovery. Physical activity helps the respiratory system get rid of viruses, it increases the concentration of white blood cells which helps the immune system, increases bodily temperature which kills bacteria and helps the secretion of hormones which alleviate psychological stress. These are significant ways in which physical activity actively helps in the prevention of viruses and colds.If you already have symptoms of the flu or a cold, you have a fever, pain, a runny nose, a cough… it’s necessary for you to rest so that you can recover from the sickness faster. The continuation of physical activity with the same intensity can worsen the situation and make recovery harder. A heightened temperature pulls water from the body, the same as exercising, this can lead to dehydration and other serious problems.In less intense situations it can seem more acceptable, when it’s a cold in question and not the flu for example. Still, additional stress to the body, which is already battling a virus infection can lead to slower recovery and the worsening of symptoms. The immune system works best when it’s not under stress, research suggests that athletes that train intensely without adequate recovery have higher chances of virus infections.Many people who exercise regularly feel worse when they take a break, those who try to exercise regularly might be afraid that it will be more difficult for them to start again after taking a break. Doctors suggest that it’s okay to exercise under certain circumstances, if the symptoms are mild enough, and if the intensity of the exercise is lower than usual, it’s necessary to understand one’s own body and limitations. In these situations, it’s important to monitor how our bodies react after exercise, if everything is fine after this lighter workout it’s okay to continue, if you feel significant tiredness and exhaustion, you should take a longer break with physical activity.An often-used way of differentiating between symptoms is whether they are “above or below the neck”. If the symptoms are “above the neck”, runny or clogged nose or a sore throat, it’s okay to try exercising with less intensity. If the symptoms are “below the neck”, cough, muscle and joint pain, fever and exhaustion, it’s necessary to rest until the symptoms recede.An average cold lasts around 7 days, while the average flu usually doesn’t last longer than two weeks. Taking a break from exercising for these amounts of time won’t significantly reduce your performance, continuing with the same intensity carries the risk of worsening symptoms and risk of injury. After recovering it’s good to steadily return to previous intensity levels.If you wish to exercise while you are sick a good idea might be to consult a doctor so you can understand if it is safe, and at what intensity it would be acceptable to train, without risking further complication.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/woman-blow-blowing-nose-blond-698964/*

Magnesium is a mineral which plays an essential role in numerous processes in the human body. It’s important in the regulation of blood pressure, maintaining bone strength, maintaining a healthy heart rhythm, regulating blood-sugar levels, producing energy and important proteins and the synthesis of DNA and RNA.Magnesium is found in different foods, some of which are legumes, spinach, nuts, seeds, whole grains, chocolate, avocado, fish… Still, with people who don’t consume enough magnesium through food, supplementation can provide the health benefits of this mineral and help with the risks that magnesium deficiency carries.Magnesium deficiency can play a role in the development of different health issues such as:Type 2 diabetesCardiovascular diseasesAlzheimer's diseaseAtherosclerosisOsteoporosisMagnesium deficiency can be difficult to spot, some diseases and groups of drugs can affect the regulation of magnesium levels in the body. Some of the signs of magnesium deficiency are loss of appetite, vomiting, exhaustion, feeling weak, numbness, muscle spasms, heart rhythm changes.In the stomach, magnesium helps with the neutralization of stomach acids and promotes healthy metabolism and digestion, it is often used with constipation.Even though magnesium supplements are considered healthy and safe, experts suggest that there is no need to take magnesium supplements if you don’t have magnesium deficiency, especially if you have other health issues. Magnesium supplements can interact with certain drugs and medications in unwanted ways. Most people that consume magnesium supplements have no unwanted side effects, but it is possible to experience nausea, diarrhea or vomiting. People with kidney problems are under higher risk of having negative reactions to these supplements.Currently, there is no evidence to suggest that magnesium provides significant health benefits to people who have adequate magnesium levels in their bodies. If you don’t have magnesium deficiency symptoms and if testing doesn’t show a deficit, it is most likely unnecessary for you to take magnesium supplements.If you have doubts about magnesium deficiency, seek advice with a doctor or other certified healthcare expert. If they recommend magnesium supplements, you need to stick to the recommended dosage and consumption method which can vary depending on the specific case.Office of Dietary Supplements - magnesium. (n.d.). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/lentils-legumes-storage-containers-8974508/*

Zinc is an essential nutrient which promotes the immune system and healthy metabolism. It has a significant role in smell and taste as well as eye health, growth, and wound healing, thyroid functioning, protein and DNA synthesis, blood clotting and much more.Because of all of this it is common for people to turn to zinc supplementation when they are sick, because of all the various aspects of health zinc is important for it seems logical to try and get your daily intake dose. Some research has shown that zinc can play a role in alleviating symptoms of a cold and lessen its duration.Zinc is naturally consumed through food, red meat, fish, seafood and clams contain the most amount of zinc. Eggs, dairy products, legumes, nuts and whole grains also contain zinc.Zinc deficiency is uncommon, but this nutrient is key for human health and the body doesn’t produce it on its own, this means that people with restrictive diets, nutrient absorption problems or other health issues may be susceptible to zinc deficiency.Some of the main symptoms of zinc deficiency are:A weak immune systemExhaustionHair lossLoss of appetiteDisturbed sense of tasteDry skinDiarrheaSlow wound healingBecause zinc plays a role in many aspects of health, its absence can have wide implications. Zinc deficiency can affect the health of one’s skin, bones, digestive, reproductive, nerve and immune systems.If you consume enough zinc through your diet supplements aren’t necessary for you most probably. If you suspect you might have zinc deficiency, we advise you to visit a doctor, blood analysis can determine if, and in what amount, you might need zinc supplementation.Oral use of zinc supplements has been shown to be safe over time, while intranasal use has shown a possibility of unwanted damaging effects on the sense of smell.Zinc supplementation can have unwanted effects on other medications such as antibiotics or penicillin, usually lessening their effectiveness. Regarding zinc supplementation in these cases, you should consult with a doctor to better understand the specifics of your case.Office of Dietary Supplements - Zinc. (n.d.). https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/gel-capsules-capsules-medicine-5834023/*

HydraFacial treatments for the face are noninvasive and nonsurgical procedures that show results immediately after completion. There is no recovery time after such a treatment.These treatments are newer in aesthetic technology and are characterized by the ability to hydrate the skin deeply.Benefits of These Treatments:Removes dead skin cells from the faceDeeply cleans impurities from the faceHydrates the skinThe skin is renewed, soothed, and hydrated, making results immediately visible.These treatments comprehensively create a perfect formula for a radiant appearance and have no side effects.The treatments consist of 4 steps: exfoliation, peeling, vacuum comedo extraction, and hydration.ExfoliationExfoliation is a mechanical facial treatment that removes dead skin cells and promotes the formation of new ones. It can be performed in various ways, but in the case of HydraFacial, it is done with a machine. The device circulates water at high speed, achieving a deep cleansing effect on the skin. This method of exfoliation does not irritate the skin, and redness quickly subsides.PeelingPeeling encompasses many procedures or products that remove dead skin cells. There are various types of peeling, such as:Physical peeling, which is done with granules or brushesChemical peeling, which is performed with acids or enzymesLaser peeling, which is performed with a laser or microdermabrasion.In this case, peeling uses a mixture of glycolic and lactic acids. Algae and yeast are added to this mixture to preserve the skin's hydration. Chemical peeling helps to open the pores further.Vacuum Comedo ExtractionVacuum comedo extraction is a cosmetic procedure that removes comedones from the skin. Comedones are clogged pores that often occur due to the accumulation of excess sebum (oil), dead skin cells, and impurities. There are two main types of comedones:Open comedones (blackheads): These have an open surface, exposing the contents to air. Due to oxidation, the top turns black, giving it a dark color.Closed comedones: These are locked beneath the skin's surface and usually appear as small, white bumps. Since they are covered by skin, they do not oxidize and do not turn dark.Causes of comedones include:Excessive sebum productionDead skin cells that are not adequately removedHormonal changesUse of oily or comedogenic skincare productsBacteria that cause inflammationThis procedure removes everything that should not be in the pores, such as makeup residues, impurities, and blackheads.HydrationSkin hydration maintains a certain level of moisture, which is essential for a healthy and smooth appearance.In this treatment, serums like hyaluronic acid are used because they can retain moisture in the skin.After all these procedures, masks or creams are applied for additional skin protection, and SPF may also be used.The treatment lasts 30 to 60 minutes and does not require recovery time.Advantages and DisadvantagesHydraFacial has advantages and disadvantages like any other treatment, and how the skin reacts can vary from person to person.Advantages:Deep facial cleansingHydrationMinimal recovery timeAdaptability of treatments for problematic skinImprovement of skin toneDisadvantages:Higher cost, as this type of treatment, is more expensive than home careIt is not a long-term solution and requires repeated procedures to maintain the effectsPotential irritation in individuals with overly sensitive or problematic skinThe treatment requires a professional; it is not recommended to perform it at homeSkin issues such as acne cannot be solved solely with HydraFacial.Our suggestion is to consult a dermatologist. If you do not have a chosen dermatologist, visit the "Doctors" section on our website/app. Under "All Filters," select Dermatology, and establishments offering that type of examination closest to you will be displayed.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If any symptoms occur, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image sourced from: https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-lying-on-blue-towel-with-white-cream-on-face-g-m8EDc4X6Q *Reference:La Piel. (March 23, 2023). Exfoliation: Ensure a Healthy and Radiant Look for Your Skin. Available at: https://lapiel.rs/blogs/blog-o-prirodnoj-kozmetici/eksfolijacija-svojoj-kozi-osigurajte-zdrav-i-blistav-izgledRea Medika. (n.d.). HydraFacial Regeneration Treatments. Available at: https://reamedika.rs/usluge/hydrafacial-tretmani-regeneracije/#:~=HydraFacial%20tretmani%20uklanjaju%20mrtve%20%C4%87elije,iritiraju%20i%20odmah%20daju%20rezultate.Minut za mene. (n.d.). HydraFacial Treatment for the Face. Available at: https://minutzamene.com/hydrafacial-tretman-lica/OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT. Available at: https://chat.openai.com

Face taping is a technique used to tighten and shape the face.The technique is based on the principle of gluing special tapes. Its aim is to reduce wrinkles, tighten the skin, improve the shape of the face, and promote natural rejuvenation without aggressive methods.What is Kinesio Tape?Kinesio tape is a special tape with a lot of elastin. When it sticks to the skin, you technically don't even feel it.Since it is an elastic band, it improves muscle tone and circulation, and therefore, the skin looks better and healthier.The tape does not contain medicinal, nutritional, or chemical substances. It contains only elastic cotton and hypoallergenic acrylic glue.The ideal composition of the tape looks like this:composition - 100% cotton;elasticity - 130-140%;purpose – for sensitive skin;country of origin – Japan, South Korea, Europe;size – width 5 cm, length 5 m;tape color – optional.Contraindications are:Flu, elevated body temperature.Skin disorders (wounds, burns).Skin diseases (fungal and viral).Allergy to acrylic.Any individual health conditions - only after consultation with the selected doctor.The first and most important thing before starting the treatment is to read the strip's composition. If you know you are allergic to something in the composition, disagree with the treatment.If you do not know you are allergic, do an allergy test.The allergy test works as followsFirst, prepare the skin of the face, which means the following things:Wash your faceClean your face of cosmetics Apply all facial care productsAfter applying the product, wait 30 minutes and then stick the test stripThe best time to perform the allergy test is in the evening because the strip should stay on the face for at least 6-8 hours.Cut a piece of tape and stick it on the face in the area of ​​the cheekbones.Why the cheekbones?Because the skin in the area of ​​the cheekbones is the most sensitive, so if there is an allergic reaction, it will appear there the fastest.In the morning, the tape is removed with the following steps:Carefully separate the strip following the hair growth to reduce the possibility of rednessIf the strip is very sticky, apply vegetable oil, micellar water, or any makeup remover product to it so that the removal process does not damage the skin.And, of course, without sudden movements.The above steps are just one guideline for removing tapes. There are more ways, so research the Internet and find the one that works for you.If there is no allergic reaction, you can freely introduce face taping into your routine and find a taping scheme that suits you.We recommend that you find someone who deals with it professionally, but primarily that you consult with a dermatologist.In addition to face taping, he should introduce healthy habits into his life, such as:Enough sleepEating healthy foodsDrink 2 liters of water a dayStart sleeping on your back unless you are pregnant or have some health problems.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/stainless-steel-spoon-on-white-surface-JiqTLjzEH18*Reference:Lepota i Zdravlje. "Face taping: kako se koriste trake za zatezanje lica." Lepota i Zdravlje.ChatGPT. "AI pomoćnik za informacije i podršku." ChatGPT

Before introducing any physical activity while you are in another state, consult with your chosen gynecologist.When the gynecologist approves physical activity like swimming, these are some things you should pay attention to.Swimming as a physical activity during pregnancySwimming is known for relaxing the mind and body; it is recommended for all ages, and pregnant women love it.Below are a few things you should pay attention to.Sea and/or poolSwimming in the sea is allowed in summer, only if the water is not cold.Enter the water gradually regardless of the subjective feeling of the water temperature you are in.The gradual entry procedure involves wetting your hands, face, and feet before slowly entering the water.Gradual entry into the water is essential because it can avoid contraction of the uterus.Do not stay in the water for a long time. Swim close to shore if a muscle spasm occurs so you can get ashore quickly. Avoid water sports in shallow water to reduce the risk of potential injuries.If the seabed is rocky, access to the water is limited, so wear water shoes to eliminate slipping.Swimming in the pool implies additional caution.Avoid swimming pools, which are often breeding grounds for viral and bacterial infections.You can get a respiratory or intestinal infection if you accidentally swallow water.You can get a vaginal infection by sitting on the edge of a pool.The water in the pool is usually warmer, so you will enjoy it more.Choose pools that are not so busy and that maintain the cleanliness of the pool and its surroundings.After swimming in the pool, take a shower with lukewarm water and change your bathing suit. This will help you avoid pool infections.Swimming stylesIn the first months of pregnancy, you can swim in a style that suits you. The recommendation for swimming in advanced pregnancy is to swim breaststroke.During the second and third trimesters, avoid swimming on your back. This style can cause the uterus to press on the large veins, disrupting the flow of oxygen to the uterus.Doubts about swimming in lakes and riversIf you decide to swim in the lake or say everything above for the pool, the sea also applies to these waters.Be even more careful because the lakes and rivers are much colder. The rivers are fast and do not have very accessible banks.Lakes can be very polluted, so before you decide to enter them, check the health and safety of the lake.After bathing, a shower and a change of bathing suit are mandatory.A warm and humid environment encourages microorganisms to multiply, which can be risky for you and your pregnancy.Be active, swim, have fun, and listen to your gynecologist's advice.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/pregnant-sea?license=free*References:Bambo Pelene. "Trudnice i bazen." Dostupno na: https://bambopelene.rs/blog/trudnice-i-bazen/.

Yoga is an ancient practice that originated in India and encompasses physical, mental, and spiritual aspects. It includes techniques such as asanas (body postures), pranayama (breath control), meditation, and ethical principles. Yoga aims to achieve balance, reduce stress, improve flexibility, strengthen the body, and attain inner peace and spiritual development. Yoga can be adapted to different needs and levels of physical fitness.Practicing yoga during pregnancy has proven to be an excellent way to maintain good physical fitness and health and enjoy the journey of pregnancy.Yoga practice should ideally begin in the twelfth week of pregnancy once the fetus is formed and securely attached to the uterine wall. However, suppose a pregnant woman has been practicing yoga before pregnancy. In that case, she may continue as soon as she learns about her pregnancy.For all pregnant women who wish to practice yoga before the twelfth week, it is essential to consult with their gynecologist to ensure no risks or restrictions.Effects of Yoga on the FetusExercising during pregnancy leads to better nutrition and, as a result, improved nutrient exchange in every cell, increased blood flow to each organ, and greater oxygen supply. It also regulates hormone levels such as serotonin and oxytocin, responsible for feelings of bliss and happiness. Scientific studies have proven that the thoughts and emotions experienced by the pregnant woman during the nine months have an impact on the fetus. Numerous studies show that the prenatal period is significant for the child's later psychological and physical health.Is Yoga Safe for All Types of Pregnancies?Yoga is not safe for all types of pregnancies. The highest risk groups include:Complications during pregnancyHigh-risk pregnanciesCertain medical conditionsAwareness of multiple pregnanciesYoga, a specialized exercise program for pregnant women, is increasingly being incorporated into the lives of expectant mothers for several reasons. It helps with preparation for childbirth and strengthens the body for what can be an extremely demanding process.In yoga classes, participants learn the following:Proper breathing techniquesPreservation of mental healthBalancing hormonesReducing stress levelsThe goal of yoga during pregnancy is to motivate women to tap into their inner potential, provide love to their bodies, alleviate fears, prepare for childbirth, and navigate the experience more quickly.For information on how many times to train weekly, what you need for training, and other questions related to yoga, it is best to consult with certified instructors. Be sure to visit your gynecologist and consult with them.At the Gynecological Clinic "Femmedik Plus" in Belgrade, Dr. Nevena Mićanović, a gynecologist specializing in yoga and pilates during pregnancy, is available. You can learn more about her experience by clicking on her name.Enjoy your pregnancy, stay active, and love yourself and your body!References:Tiki Yoga. Joga u trudnoći. Retrieved from: https://tikiyoga.com/blog/joga-u-trudnoci/OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT. Retrieved from: openai.comFemmedik. Dr Nevena Mićanović. Retrieved from: femmedik.rs*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-babys-feet-QOSb_iH9Uas*

Many people all around the world drink coffee every day. It is common knowledge that coffee carries some health risks, and most people would probably generally call it unhealthy. New research shows that the health benefits coffee brings might outweigh the risks.Caffeine, a psychoactive substance found in coffee, the most consumed psychoactive substance in the world, falls into the stimulants group. Caffeine is the element of coffee which causes the feelings of wakefulness and focus, if it is consumed too much it can cause varying health issues. In some people the effects of caffeine are stronger than in others, and so the consequences as well, it can lead to disturbances in sleep, heart palpitations, anxiety and even addiction (link).Still, caffeine itself has its benefits in the form of wakefulness and focus, plenty of research suggests it improves mood, cognitive function and metabolism. Some of these effects are short-term and with the development of a coffee drinking habit a tolerance to these effects will develop as well. Another significant element of caffeine is that it can cause higher blood pressure, because of this people with blood pressure problem need to be careful about their caffeine intake. Pregnant women should also be careful about their caffeine intake, it can carry a variety of risks for them.Still, coffee contains more elements than just caffeine which have different health benefits. These other elements have significant nutrients such as vitamins and minerals and an extraordinary number of antioxidants which can help in the prevention of many illnesses.Coffee can help prevent diseases such as:Parkinsons diseaseAlzheimer’s diseaseType 2 diabetesLiver diseasesHeart attack and strokeCardiovascular diseasesResearch has shown that coffee can have a preventive effect on the development of different specific types of cancer such as: colorectal, uterine, liver and skin.Regular consumption of large amounts of coffee can decrease the risk of depression and suicide.Many of these health benefits of coffee are affected by a specific preparation style, quantity of consumption or genetic predispositions to certain diseases. Research suggests that filtered coffee is the healthiest, unfiltered coffee can increase cholesterol levels.All in all, researchers suggest that increasing coffee consumption in diet has more health benefits than risks. In certain situations, care is needed, like with blood pressure problems or pregnancies. If you notice that coffee has negative effects on you, heart palpitations, anxiety or sleep disorders, you should try and regulate your intake.There are alternatives to coffee such as black or green tea or other non-caffeinated drinks which can provide wakefulness and focus without the same consequences.Abalo, R. (2021). Coffee and caffeine consumption for human health. Nutrients, 13(9), 2918. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092918Poole, R., Kennedy, O. J., Roderick, P., Fallowfield, J. A., Hayes, P. C., & Parkes, J. (2017). Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ, j5024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5024*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://pixabay.com/photos/coffee-cup-drink-beverage-7292250/*

Consuming the right nutrients before and after a workout can significantly help with the workout itself and achieving the desired results. Our bodies burn carbohydrates for energy so it’s good to have the required fuel before training. On the other hand, with exercise we damage muscles and so they require adequate food in the form of protein to recover efficiently. Timing is also important, we don’t want to workout on a full stomach, and after exercising it’s necessary to replenish the lost energy and begin the recovery process. Research suggests that the idea of the infamous “anabolic window” that lasts between 45 minutes and 1 hour after a workout, in which consuming protein is required to optimize recovery, might not be true and the real time frame could be from around 5 – 6 hours after exercising.Before a workout:Physical performance is enhanced if carbohydrates are paired with protein before exercising in the case of longer lasting activities. This performance enhancement depends on many factors ranging from the specific body of the person to the specific nutrients being consumed.A good idea is to eat at least an hour before working out so the food can be adequately processed. Carbohydrates can help exercising last longer and be more intense. In cases of exercising on an empty stomach it isn’t unusual to feel slower, weaker or lightheaded. If you plan to exercise in a period less than an hour after a meal a good idea might be to make this meal lighter and focus on carbohydrates.Consuming large amounts of food before exercising increases the risk of stomach issues.The specific foods depend on intensity, quantity, type of training and of course personal preferences. Combining protein with carbohydrates and fibers has shown to have the best effect on performance when it comes to eating before a workout.After a workout:With exercise the body uses up its glucose storage and damages muscle fibers, in the recovery phase it’s necessary to replenish these reserves by consuming carbohydrates and provide an adequate amount of protein to help the muscles recover. Adequate eating after a workout can help prevent the deconstruction of protein in muscle during a workout, helps muscle protein synthesis and benefits recovery.Research has shown that consuming protein before a workout can lower the amount needed to consume after a workout for optimal results. The narrative about the anabolic window in which it is necessary to consume a lot of protein in a time frame of 45 minutes – 1 hour after working out seems to be less true with the developments of new research. Consuming foods with large amounts of protein and carbohydrates soon after working out is still recommended, to replenish the spent energy reserves and help the recovery process. But it doesn’t seem necessary to rush your meals, or protein shakes right after a workout to get the best results.Hydration:It’s necessary to replenish the spent fluids which we consistently lose during exercise. You should stay hydrated before, during and after exercise. Water is the best choice, but sports drinks can also have a good effect when it comes to longer lasting exercises because of the electrolytes they provide and carbohydrates which they have and can provide more energy. Rothschild, J. A., Kilding, A. E., & Plews, D. J. (2020). What Should I Eat before Exercise? Pre-Exercise Nutrition and the Response to Endurance Exercise: Current Prospective and Future Directions. Nutrients, 12(11), 3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113473Schoenfeld, B. J., Aragon, A., Wilborn, C., Urbina, S. L., Hayward, S. E., & Krieger, J. (2017). Pre- versus post-exercise protein intake has similar effects on muscular adaptations. PeerJ, 5, e2825. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2825*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from : https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-white-liquid-filled-cup-above-two-pairs-of-dumbbells-__QqvTI5Edc*

Exercising has a significant effect on metabolism, the process responsible for turning food into energy in our bodies and getting rid of waste. So, with exercising we can influence not only our physical and mental well-being, but also the efficiency of our body’s energy consumption.Every function of the body demands the use of energy. Some functions are more basic like heart beating, blood circulation and alike. The aspect of metabolism which is most affected by exercise refers to the energy used in physical activity. This can vary, depending on the amount and type of physical activity on a certain day.The terms “fast” and “slow” metabolism refer to the rate at which food is being turned into energy. Someone who has a faster metabolism burns more calories while resting while someone who has a slower metabolism has a body which generally needs less calories to function.Some of the things that influence whether one’s metabolism is fast or slow include bodily composition, weight, age, sex and genetics. Something that can make metabolism faster is exercise, muscle cells require more energy and so burn more calories, even when resting. So, the more muscle cells there are, and the more stimulated they are to use more energy the body’s metabolism will be faster. This can be very significant with aging, since with aging there is a natural loss of muscle cells and so the metabolism is slower.Exercise positively affects the general health of the body, the bodily constitution, weight, sleep schedules and stress levels, this can all in turn, also lead to a healthier metabolism.Kinds of exercise that are good for metabolism include aerobic exercises, also known as cardio, walking, running, swimming, cycling, tennis, basketball, football and alike. Also important is strength training, muscle fiber uses more energy than fat, so building muscle will benefit the efficiency of energy use both with activity and with rest. This can include all sorts of exercises in the gym as well as at home.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from: https://pixabay.com/photos/stomach-pain-man-jeans-sweater-2821941/*

+381 11 7777 00 – 0 - 24h – Serbian national SOS suicide prevention hotline0800 300 303 – 2 pm - 11pm – SOS hotline center „Srce“Suicide refers to the action of self-harm with the goal of ending one’s life and is one of the leading causes of death in people suffering from mental disorders and the fourth leading cause of death in the 15 – 29 age group. For every suicide committed there are plenty unsuccessful attempts.A previous suicide attempt is the most significant risk factor or indicator of another possible attempt in the general population. The more previous attempts existed the higher the risk.In Serbia, as reported by the republic statistic institution, for the past 10 years there has been an average of 83 suicides per month. Most suicides seem to be committed by people older than 65, and men are around three times more likely to commit suicide than women. Also, the suicide rate isn’t the same in all regions, Vojvodina has an average two- or three-times higher suicide rate than central Serbia.Every suicide has effect on the lives of individuals, families and communities. Suicide, attempted suicide, or threats of suicide should be taken seriously, people affected by it need to be helped. It is important to inform oneself and contact adequate channels of prevention.The connection between suicide and mental disorders has already been mentioned, specifically depression (link) and misuse of alcohol (link). Previous attempts at suicide are the most important indicators of suicidality, which needs to be taken very seriously. There are many myths concerning people with suicidal intent and their behavior prior to attempting suicide, some say they ask for help and then stop before the attempt and others say ask for help the most right before the attempt, both cases are possible and asking for help should be taken seriously in any situation. If someone is talking about suicide or is talking in a way which might lead us to believe they might have ideas about committing suicide one should try and talk to this person about this, why they would speak like that, how they feel, how can we help, who else might be able to help, could mental health professionals help, and alike.Still, suicide also happens because of impulsive decisions in moments of high stress, financial crisis, romantic breakups, chronic pain or illness. Suicide rates are correlated with difficult life conditions and surroundings, exposure to violence, abuse, isolation, poverty and alike. Groups that are often discriminated against, such as migrants, LGBTQ or transsexual people also have a significantly higher suicide rate and risk. What are the signs that somebody might be thinking about suicide?People wont often directly talk about their problems and ask for help, some signs of possible risk of suicide include:- Talking about wanting to commit suicide or die- Talking about feeling empty and hopeless or having no reason to live- Talking about feeling trapped with no solutions to their problems- Talking about feelings of intolerable physical or emotional pain- Talking about being a burden to others- Distancing from family and friends- Gifting important possessions- Saying goodbye to close people- Making a will- Risky behavior which could lead to death, for example extremely fast driving- Often mentioning or talking about death- Extreme mood swings- Planning suicide, research or getting a weapon- Talking about feelings of shame- Using alcohol or other psychoactive substances more than usual- Anxious or agitated behavior- Changes in sleep and appetite- Demonstrations of rage or talking about revenge Preventive measures:The stigmatization of suicide as well as mental disorders leads to this often being a taboo topic. This means that people with problems that can seriously endanger their lives, as well as the lives of those closest to them, will often not seek out the adequate help they need. In many countries around the world the importance of investing into suicide prevention isn’t accepted because of the unreadiness to have an open discourse about such a difficult topic.Different forms of help and therapy are available, a good recommendation is to look to psychotherapeutic practices which are efficient and based on scientific facts.Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one such approach, it helps with learning new ways of understanding, confronting and overcoming different problems. It focuses on understanding the connections between emotional, behavioral and cognitive patterns and the ways they influence life.Safety planning, creating a specific safety plan with instructions which explain what to do and who to go to for help when suicidal ideas appear. Connection and communication with individuals who are at risk of suicide as well as removing weapons or potential methods has been shown to reduce risk.Collaborative care, a team approach to the mental health of an individual, in which the individual works alongside different experts to develop a treatment strategy which is adequate. This type of approach has shown to be effective in treating depression and lowering suicidal ideas.If you have suicidal thoughts or ideas, seek help from those closest to you, or a mental health professional. An honest conversation without judgement with someone who is willing to listen and understand you can mean a lot in these situations.Some phone numbers you can call if you, or someone you know, is in this kind of situation are:+381 11 7777 00 – 0 - 24h – Serbian national SOS suicide prevention hotline0800 300 303 – 2 pm - 11pm – SOS hotline center „Srce“Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer Centar srce. (n.d.). https://www.centarsrce.org/index.php# Frequently asked questions about suicide. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-faq Pretraga diseminacione baze. (n.d.). https://data.stat.gov.rs/Home/Result/18030304?languageCode=sr-Latn# Suicide prevention. (2024, July 30). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/suicide-prevention World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, August 28). Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide*Ovaj tekst je namenjen isključivo u informativne svrhe. U slučaju pojave bilo kakvih simptoma, preporučuje se da potražite savet od svog lekara ili kvalifikovanog zdravstvenog stručnjaka.**Slika preuzeta sa sajta: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-in-black-long-sleeve-shirt-holding-babys-feet-aPa843frIzI*

Personality disorders are a group of disorders that refer to a persistent pattern of experience and behavior which in a significant way deviate from the expectations of the culture the individual is a part of; this definition is offered by the DSM 5 manual (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders).The second significant manual for diagnosing mental disorders, the ICD 10 (international classification of disease), explains that this group of disorders constitutes differing states and behavior patterns which have clinical significance, are persistent and refer to the expression of individual characteristic lifestyle and way of interacting with others. Also highlighted is the significance of deviating from the way an average individual in a certain culture perceives, feels, thinks and interacts with others. These patterns are often stable and tend to encompass many aspects of behavior and psychological functioning.The specific disorders in this group are:-   Borderline personality disorder-   Narcissistic personality disorder-   Antisocial personality disorder-   Paranoid personality disorder-   Histrionic personality disorder-   Avoidant personality disorder-   Schizoid personality disorder-   Schizotypal personality disorder-   Dependent personality disorder-   Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Psychologists have for a long time been working on the concept of personality, defining this concept seems easy but isn’t. Different personality traits and their combinations which are interchangeable but also stable in time and define the individual to himself as well as to others seem to be at the center of this concept. Like many other mental disorders, the point between normality and pathology is defined by the ability to function in everyday life, and so comparing one to the expectations of a culturally conditioned society.Because of this culture and environmental circumstances play a significant role in the understanding of personality disorders, in different cultures the same behavior can be perceived completely differently. For example, strong familial bonds and emotional dependance on family members could, in a western individualistic culture, be seen as unhealthy, dependent personality disorder comes to mind. These behaviors are completely normal and preferable in more interdependent collectivistic cultures found in Asia, in which familial and societal bonds are perceived and valued differently. The same example can be looked at in the opposite direction, highly individualistic behavior can be viewed through the frame of a narcissistic or antisocial personality disorders from some, more collectivistic, cultural perspectives.Professor dr. Dragan Švrakić together with prof. dr. Mirjana Divac Jovanović in their book: “The borderline personality and it’s different faces “, speak to many aspects of personality disorders. The perspective they provide is from the viewpoint of the modern psychoanalytical theory and object relations theory. Many assumptions of this theory, based on decades of previous work of many scientists in the field of personality research, have recently been confirmed on a neurobiological level thanks to the development of modern technology. A detailed review of these mechanisms is complex and requires the understanding of a multitude of factors, we here will attempt to convey the summary of the idea of how personality disorders develop that the authors presented.Personality disorders develop primarily due to genetics and the interaction with one’s surroundings in a critical formative period of childhood. In this period the child has a developmental task of integrating positive experiences of itself and the world, this forms an integrated self-core, which will later function as a base for the further development of the personality. The domination of the positive introjects allows the overcoming of the primitive defense mechanism known as splitting which is used in this period, the primary task of this defense mechanism in this period is to polarize experiences as either positive or either negative. If positive experiences, introjects, dominate the child will overcome splitting and develop an understanding which isn’t polarized but rather complex (both good and bad) but predominantly based on positive introjects. If the positive experiences aren’t enough and the child primarily introjects negative experiences of itself and the world, splitting will persist to protect the child from the idea of an overall negative and dangerous world, and it will develop a vulnerable fragmented self which cannot be used as a healthy base for developing the rest of the personality.This can be viewed as the child developing it’s first core beliefs about itself and the world, if it’s exposed to primarily positive influences and experiences it will develop a belief of itself as good and worthy of love and the world as dangerous and scary. Still, the mental mechanisms at play are complex and efficient and a personality develops even in the case of overwhelmingly negative introjects. Because of the absence of a safe base in the form of an integrated self-core, a compensatory pathological self is formed, a structure which has the function of a base for the development of personality but distorts reality in order to protect the vulnerable fragmented core. This compensatory self is what the authors consider personality disorders as we know them to be, depending on genetics and circumstances, some will develop for example, a narcissistic compensatory self which will learn to protect its vulnerability by perceiving itself as grandiose and unconditionally better than everybody else. This idea stands for every personality disorder, the assumption is that because of the unsuccessful completion of the developmental tasks people in these situations have different and pathological ways of relating to themselves and the world which are supposed to protect the fragile, vulnerable and fragmented core of their personality. Personality disorders can be difficult to treat, depending on the specific disorder and situation. Psychotherapy has a significant effect on treating personality disorders, research shows. Medicaments can be prescribed but usually for treating symptoms and potential comorbidities. Personality disorders are complex and difficult to understand, it is necessary to contact a doctor, psychiatrist or clinical psychologist and in cooperation with them construct an adequate treatment plan. Treatment of personality disorders can last months or years.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa HolcerICD-10 version:2016. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/F60-F69Jovanović, M. D., & Švrakić D. (2017). Granična ličnost i njena različita lica (drugo izdanje). ClioPersonality disorders. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/personality-disorders*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/depression-woman-burn-dark-thoughts-1241819/*

Alcohol is one of the most accepted psychoactive substances, its production and distribution is legal and culturally accepted around the world. The use of alcohol is so common that people usually don’t question the effects regular drinking might have on their health. Alcohol is a depressor which can cause addiction if consumed too much and influence behavior, relationships, decision making and many aspects of physical health.For more information about the misuse of psychoactive substances and addiction read: https://helpmedix.com/en/news/257-the-misuse-of-psychoactive-substancesWhat amount of alcohol is safe?No amount of alcohol is safe or in any way healthy. One shouldn’t think that the negative effects of alcohol begin only if it is consumed every day, binge drinking can be harmful in the same manner. Some of the more serious risks that can develop from alcohol use (like the development of some cancers) can become significant even if drinking less than one drink per day. Some people should never drink any alcohol; if you are underage, have certain medical conditions, or are pregnant, you shouldn’t drink at all.Consuming alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome in the child, this can cause a wide specter of neurodevelopmental problems.What are the short-term effects of alcohol?Even a few alcoholic drinks can affect your balance, coordination, impulse control and decision making. This significantly increases risk of injury. Consuming larger amounts of alcohol can lead to certain parts of the brain turning off which are key in basic functions like staying awake or lead to alcohol poisoning which can seriously endanger your life.In the short term, alcohol can lead to:DizzinessBad decision makingLoss of coordinationVomitingLoss of memoryAccidental injuryPurposefull injuryPoisoningExhaustionHeadachesHangoversWhat are the long-term effects of alcohol?Long term alcohol consumption can lead to serios physical and mental consequences. Alcohol can cause addiction, alcoholism affects not only the person but those closest to them as well. Alcohol addiction is often paired with other mental disorders such as anxiety or depression, in these situations’ alcohol worsens the mental state and significantly increases the risk of suicide.Alcohol has varying long term effects on different parts of the organism:The brain: it affects concentration, decision making, mood and memory. It increases the risk of a stroke or development of dementia.Heart: it can cause cardiomyopathy (stretching of the heart muscle, often leads to a transplant), arrhythmia (irregular palpitations), heart attack, high blood pressure.Liver: it damages the liver, leads to different inflammations (steatosis or fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis).Pancreas: alcohol causes the secretion of toxic substances by the pancreas which can lead to pancreatitis which is an inflammation of the pancreas which causes swelling and pain, and it can be fatal, it prevents secretion of enzymes and hormones which promote healthy digestion.Cancer: long term use of alcohol can cause cancers of the head and neck, the oral cavity, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer (very significant risk increase) and colorectal cancer.Immune system: regular alcohol use can damage the immune system causing higher risk of different diseases. This leads to diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis being more prevalent in individuals who consume too much alcohol. Consuming too much alcohol on a single ocasion can significantly damage the immune system in the next 24 hours.Alcohol’s effects on the body | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). (n.d.). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohols-effects-bodyAlcohol’s health effects: What you need to know | NIH MedlinePlus Magazine. (n.d.). NIH MedlinePlus Magazine. https://magazine.medlineplus.gov/article/alcohols-health-effects-what-you-need-to-know*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/wine-bar-alcohol-liquor-drinks-8346641/*

Eggs are one of the most widely consumed products in the world, as well as one of the healthiest foods, they provide a rich resource of choline, vitamins B and D, folic acid, iodine and protein. Still, questions about the risks and benefits of eggs persist, mainly focused on the question of increasing cholesterol levels and causing cardiovascular problems.Eggs are consumed in meals and are used as a component of many dishes. They are also one of the most affordable sources of protein and can sit in the refrigerator for up to five weeks without going bad. Trough history different dietary trends lead to different polarizing opinions and controversies surrounding eggs. Some countries recommend consuming two or three eggs per week, while others recommend up to seven. These variations in recommendation as well as earlier controversies continue to confuse people about the nutritional value of eggs as well as the risk they may pose for the cardiovascular system.Research shows that cholesterol found in eggs doesn’t negatively affect the body compared to cholesterol with other sources. Eggs are often eaten with other high cholesterol foods, such as bacon, cheese and butter. These foods increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and should be eaten with more consideration.Eggs are filled with nutrients, having an average of 66 calories, 0 grams of carbohydrates, 4,6 grams of total fats and 6,4 grams of protein, as well as a wide range of micronutrients. They have a relatively high level of cholesterol, on average 177 mg, but more recent research has shown that cholesterol has significantly less effect on cardiovascular diseases compared to saturated fats. Considering this, American suggestions for healthy eating have switched from limiting the amount of cholesterol intake to limiting the amount of saturated fats. The human liver naturally produces cholesterol, if the body consumes larger amounts of it, it can regulate the general levels of cholesterol by producing less. People with genetic disorders, such as hypercholesterolemia, which cause an increase in cholesterol levels in the blood should pay significant attention to their intake of cholesterol.Eggs also create HDL cholesterol (“good cholesterol”) which has a protective role with cardiovascular diseases, “cleaning” blood vessels. People with high levels of HDL cholesterol usually have lower risk of heart disease.We often think of cholesterol as “something bad” even though it plays a vital role in the maintenance of our organism. Newer research suggests less connection between high levels of cholesterol and heart disease compared to saturated fats. Eggs are a great source of nutrients including HDL “good cholesterol” which even has a protective function when it comes to cardiovascular diseases.Researchers suggest increasing the number of eggs consumed on average, because of their very positive impact on our health.Myers, M., & Ruxton, C. H. S. (2023). Eggs: Healthy or Risky? A Review of Evidence from High Quality Studies on Hen’s Eggs. Nutrients, 15(12), 2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122657*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/egg-egg-holder-reproduction-7345934/*

What is depression?Depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a mood disorder which is characterized by persistent feelings of intense sadness, hopelessness, guilt, loneliness, as well as loss of confidence and belief in oneself. Other usual characteristics are loss of interest in things or activities that once offered pleasure, and lowered levels of willpower, energy, motivation and concentration. It is also common for there to be disturbed appetite and sleep, slowed movement and thought, physical pain, digestive issues, suicidal thoughts.Depression is a common and serious issue, it can have different types and patterns of development and manifestation, different causes and different types of treatment. Because of this, informing oneself about it is important.Today, it seems the word “depression” is ever more present in everyday language, usually representing a generally sad mood as well as feelings of fear, exhaustion and hopelessness. It is important to differentiate such colloquial use of the term from what it actually means in a clinical sense, a disorder that can have a serious, profound, and constant influence on the lives of individuals and those closest to them.What is the difference between depression and normal sadness?Mood shifts, emotional reactions to stress and intense sadness depending on the circumstance are normal things that are to be expected and that happen to all people, their function is to help us cope with different difficulties in life. What differentiates this normal sadness from clinical depression is the foremost length and intensity, depression can have multitudes of emotional, cognitive and physical symptoms that can last for years and influence the everyday lives of individuals. When diagnosing clinical depression practitioners pay attention to the intensity of the symptoms and their presence over time, are they present most of the time, almost every day, for a period of at least two weeks?Typical symptoms of depression:-       Persistent sadness and/or lowered mood (usually worse in the mornings)-       Feelings of hopelessness and/or helplessness-       Loss of interest/pleasure-       Exhaustion/lower energy-       Feelings of emptiness, emotional flatness-       Fears of death, loss, suicide-       Disturbed sleep (too much or too little)-       Disturbed concentration, indecisiveness, problems with memory-       Loss of confidence-       Disturbed appetite (too much or too little)-       Feelings of guilt and blaming oneself-       Psychomotor agitation or retardation-       Headaches, chronic pain, cramps, digestive issues-       Suicidal thoughts and attemptsTypically, depression (a depressive episode) is characterized by the presence of more of these symptoms, almost every day, in the period of at least two weeks.Depression affects all aspects of life, it leads to dysfunctionality in social interactions, familial relationships, work and self – sufficiency. The individual often has no willingness to take care of themselves and complete everyday tasks. It encapsulates emotional, cognitive, motivational, and somatic symptoms.Types of depression:Major depression (MDD): the most common type of depression, characterized by intense symptoms which disturb the everyday functioning of individuals, episodes can last from weeks to months. An often occurrence is the inability to face the day, the mood is drastically worse in the mornings getting gradually better over time. It is possible for a depressive episode to occur only once, but it’s more likely for it to happen multiple times during one’s life (recurrent depressive disorder).  Dysthymia: a chronic form of depression, with less intense symptoms but they are constant and last at least two years. Sometimes individuals can accept these less intense symptoms as a normal part of their life, leading them to seek help only when the development of the disorder creates serious problems in their lives.Bipolar disorder: depressive episodes with subsequent episodes of mania or hypomania which last at least two weeks.Seasonal depression: depression which appears in certain time periods, most often in winter.Postpartum depression: it appears after giving birth, the main causes are hormonal disbalance due to giving birth as well as pain, exhaustion, societal excitations and pressure, big lifestyle changes. It differs from the normal postpartum sadness (“baby blues”) in the same manner that depression differs from regular sadness, by intensity and length. The symptoms of postpartum depression are intense and longer lasting (at least two weeks), their manifestation is dependent on many factors and can appear in anyone, even fathers.Psychotic depression: intense depression followed by psychotic symptoms, delusional thoughts and beliefs, as well as hallucinations. The delusions and hallucinations in these individuals are usually in accord with the deeply depressive mood, for example thoughts concerning guilt for something the individual didn’t do, or critiquing voices.Causes of depression:The causes of depression are explained as a complex combination of biological – heritable and psychosocial – surrounding factors.Genetic predispositions, changes in the functioning of neurotransmitters and receptors in the central nervous system, reactions to certain medications, hormonal disbalance, and a bad immune system are all significant biological factors which can increase the risk of depression.Also, and in combination with these, surroundings during childhood, relationship with parents, personality traits, consuming psychoactive substances, exposure to stress, significant changes or losses in life (death in the family, job loss, divorce…) can all influence depression.Abuse is a significant risk factor, it can perpetuate the manifestation of depression later in life, this abuse can be physical, emotional or sexual.Higher risk of depression is also influenced by older age, loneliness, no social support, stress, presence of other serious disorders or illnesses.It is certain that such a complex disorder with its many types and manifestations will have a multitude of causes and ways to be treated. Every situation is specific and consulting with a doctor, psychiatrist, clinical psychologist is necessary for understanding the causes, consequences, and ways of treating a certain, specific, case.Diagnosing depression:The first step in treating depression is precise recognition and diagnosis.Diagnosing depression requires the presence of multiple symptoms, most of the day, almost every day, in the time frame of at least two weeks. One of the symptoms must be either depressive mood or loss of interest or pleasure in most activities. A few more symptoms are necessary in the diagnosis of depression, their intensity and persistence can vary depending on the specific case.If you think you might have depression, consult a doctor, psychiatrist or psychologist. Early recognition of depression can significantly help the treatment and cut expenses.When being tested for depression, you can expect questions about your symptoms and the problems you are facing, as well as questions about familial disease history. Questionnaires, as well as clinical tests and performance tests are also used. It could be useful to think about and write down your symptoms and thoughts about them before the screening.Similar symptoms like in depression can be caused by other medical conditions, so you should expect physical or laboratorial examinations which have the goal of checking your thyroid gland, deficiency of certain nutrients, hormonal disbalance and reactions to certain medications.Treating depression:Stigmatization and perception of depression as some sort of “weakness” leads to many people trying to hide their problems or handle them on their own, often abusing psychoactive substances or alcohol. For efficient depression treatment it’s mandatory you contact a doctor, psychiatrist or psychologist, who can help diagnose you and construct an adequate treatment plan.Depression is most often treated using a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.Pharmacotherapy with antidepressants is often used to regulate neurotransmitter disbalance and alleviate symptoms, while psychotherapy has the role of helping understand the patterns and situations which lead to the development of such a condition. In some cases, psychotherapy is enough.Different forms of psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic techniques, can be effective in bettering outlooks on life, understanding one’s negative patterns of thinking and behaving, developing social, emotional and cognitive skills, better understanding of oneself and one’s life context.Some, more difficult forms of depression, can be resistant to such therapeutic measures, in these cases it is possible to use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which have been refined in the past decades and are considered as safe as pharmacotherapy.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer Bruce, D. F., PhD. (2023, July 20). Depression. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/depression/what-is-depressionDmitrovic, B. K., Dugalić, M. G., Balkoski, G. N., Dmitrovic, A., & Soldatovic, I. (2013). Frequency of perinatal depression in Serbia and associated risk factors. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(6), 528–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013511067Depression. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depressionDepression (major depressive disorder) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2022, October 14). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007ICD-10 version:2016. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/F32ICD 10 depression diagnostic criteria. (2018, January 1). https://gpnotebook.com/pages/psychiatry/icd-10-depression-diagnostic-criteriaMijatovic-Jovanovic, V., Milijasevic, D., Cankovic, S., Tomasevic, T., Susnjevic, S., & Ukropina, S. (2024). Prevalence of depressive symptoms and association with sociodemographic factors among the general population in Serbia. Vojnosanitetski Pregled, 00, 5. https://doi.org/10.2298/vsp231023005mNational Alliance on Mental Illness. (2024, March 15). Depression | NAMI. NAMI. https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/What is depression? (n.d.). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depressionWorld Health Organization: WHO & World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, March 31). Depressive disorder (depression). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression*Image taken from https://www.pexels.com/photo/anxious-young-woman-cover-wing-ears-with-hands-sitting-on-chair-6382633/**This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.*

Chronic pain has been shown to be significantly correlated with depressive disorders. It falls into the category of external stressors which can influence the development of depressive disorders. Research has shown that depression and states of chronic pain can be influenced by similar neurobiological mechanisms, still, the exact correlation and understanding of their association is not completely clear. Research regarding this topic is key in better understanding the connection between these states and thus help create new and more efficient treatment methods.For more information about depression read: For more information about states of chronic pain read: https://helpmedix.com/en/news/263-what-is-chronic-painDepression is often characterized by feelings of persistent sadness, lack of energy and motivation, less interest in activities, changes in sleep and appetite and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, it is necessary for the symptoms to last at least two weeks.Chronic pain is usually defined as a consistent or intermittent pain that lasts longer than the time required for the tissue to heal, which is typically around 3 months. It can persist even if there is no evident physiological cause to the pain.Clinical research has shown that chronic pain, acting as a stressor, often induces depression. One study has shown that up to 85% of patients suffering from chronic pain have been shown to also suffer from depression. The most significant effect on higher risk of depression has been shown to be pain disability, not how intense the pain is but how much it disables everyday functioning.Depression has a negative influence on the recovery prognosis when chronic pain is in question and vice versa, these two states worsen each other and are more difficult to treat when they are paired up rather than separate. Chronic pain affects everyday life, stress tolerance and physical activity, which can lead to feelings of isolation and anxiety. Chronic pain also significantly negatively affects sleep quality, which directly worsens the risk of depression.Physiological causesThe physiological mechanisms which would explain the correlation between chronic pain and depression aren’t completely clear, this represents a significant challenge for researchers and the development of treatment. Still, what has been shown is that these two states have significant overlapping in aspects of their effect on neuroplasticity changes and neurobiological mechanism.Brain regions which play a role in the neural networks related to injury and bodily pain are also included in the regulation of mood. These regions are the insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. This speaks to the similarities in brain regions involved in information processing regarding these two states.Neuroplasticity is a mechanism which allows adaptive, structural and functional changes in brain tissue, it is the ability of the brain to reorganize itself in accordance with different damage it has suffered so as to continue functioning in the most optimal way possible.The dopaminergic system in the brain effects neuroplastic changes in depression and chronic pain, persistence of chronic pain can damage the dopamine activation system.It has been shown in many studies that there is a lower volume and number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in depressive patients, more drastic the more intense the depression is. The connection between the prefrontal cortex and the development of pain, through the nucleus accumbens (which also has a role in motivation, behavior, and a multitude of mental disorders, including depression) has also been confirmed. This implies similar maladaptive neuroplastic changes which lead to depressive symptoms and the development of chronic pain. These maladaptive changes in neuroplasticity can also include neural pathways from the peripheral to the central nervous system and are involved in creating and maintaining chronic pain.In summary, a multitude of neurobiological and molecular mechanisms, of which only some are listed here, are involved in connecting depression and chronic pain. Unfortunately, science still doesn’t have the complete picture of the process which makes the comorbidity of these two states so common. Still, significant findings are being made which allow the development of treatment methods.TreatmentPharmacotherapy which includes antidepressants and pain medication is used in treatment, but research doesn’t suggest significant efficacy. There is a growing trend of using nonpharmaceutical methods for treating these states when they are paired such as psychotherapy, acupuncture, hypnosis and physical exercise.Opioids are the most effective in treating chronic pain, the problem with them is a high rate of dependency and addiction. The role of opioids in treating depression is also still unclear, there are claims that long- term opioid use might worsen depression risk.Another group of pharmaceuticals which efficiently treat chronic pain are benzodiazepines. Besides treating chronic pain, they are also used for treating anxiety and insomnia, both regularly seen in patients suffering from chronic pain and depression. Benzodiazepines have a high rate of abuse, which can lead to addiction and serious cognitive consequences. Psychotherapy is a key element to the process of treating chronic pain and chronic pain induced depression. The development of this type of depression is influenced by psychosocial factors, which are important to understand in the therapeutic process.Research has shown that the application of psychotherapy in children and adolescents who suffer from chronic headaches can help significantly reduce pain. The use of psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can significantly help understanding and overcoming the difficulties created by chronic pain. Psychotherapy drastically improves the treatment success prognosis of chronic pain and chronic pain induced depression.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.Sheng, J., Liu, S., Wang, Y., Cui, R., & Zhang, X. (2017). The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain. Neural Plasticity, 2017, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9724371Meda, R. T., Nuguru, S. P., Rachakonda, S., Sripathi, S., Khan, M. I., & Patel, N. (2022). Chronic Pain-Induced Depression: A Review of Prevalence and Management. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28416*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/back-pain-body-pain-ergonomics-6949392/*

Chronic pain is defined as persisting, continued or intermittent pain which lasts longer than 3 months, the causes of this pain can vary. Unlike acute pain which accompanies injury, chronic pain can continue after an injury has healed, sometimes it appears without clear cause or previous injury.Common examples of chronic pain include:Arthritis (joint pain)Back painNeck painPosttraumatic painTumor painHeadaches, migrainesFibromyalgia (general muscle pain)Neuropathic pain (caused by damage to the nervous system)States of chronic pain can cause dysfunctionality in everyday life and last for months and even years. Other than disrupting one’s social, career, or academic life it can lead to development of depression and anxiety disorders, as well as sleep disturbances; these problems are often left undiagnosed. The appearance of such comorbidities can make the pain worse which in turn makes the other symptoms worse and creates a cycle which makes treatment more difficult.You can read more about the relationship between chronic pain and depression here: https://helpmedix.com/en/news/264-depression-and-chronic-painCauses of chronic painBecause of the many types of pain and their different causes, no single finding can clearly explain all the different mechanisms which lead to the development of chronic pain. The processes of pain perception in the body are complex and much further research is needed to get a more complete and comprehensive understanding of the process of chronic pain development.Diagnosing chronic painUnderstanding the date the pain started, as well as pain description (sharp, blunt, deep, burning…) are significant factors in the diagnostic process. It is also important to understand potential injuries, location, and pain intensity. Identifying elements which help relieve pain, as well as understanding the dynamic of pain, continuous or intermittent, can also be very helpful. Identifying other symptoms such as muscle cramps, changes in skin temperature, restricted range of motion, weakness, changes in sensation and alike can all be significant to the diagnosis.A physical examination is conducted so the diagnostician can compare his findings to the statements of the patient.The diagnostician can do blood analysis, urine analysis, test muscle activity (EMG), use x-rays and MRIs, test reflexes and balance and alike to create a precise diagnosis and an adequate treatment plan. Treating chronic painTreating and alleviating pain is dependent on a variety of factors, firstly, the specific type of pain in question. In some cases, the specific cause of pain cannot be identified, but treatment and attempts at alleviating pain persist, nonetheless.Chronic pain is usually treated with a multidisciplinary approach, depending on the specific situation: pharmacotherapy, surgical interventions, injections, specific exercises, psychotherapy, ultrasound stimulation, aerobic exercises, chiropractic interventions, acupuncture, physical therapy, lifestyle changes and others.The use of psychotherapy is extremely important if chronic pain is paired with a mental disorder, which research shows is very common. Mental disorders and chronic pain worsen each other and make treatment of both more difficult.Changes in lifestyle can provide significant benefits with chronic pain problems. Stress reduction, physical activity and exercise, a healthy diet and quality sleep can all have positive and preventive effects with chronic pain.Because of the complexity of the development of chronic pain good differential diagnosis is required to create an adequate treatment plan. One shouldn’t take treatment into their own hands because of the numerous potential unwanted consequences. If you think you might have problems regarding chronic pain, seek advice from a doctor or medical specialist so that you can obtain a safe and efficient treatment plan.Chronic pain. (2024, August 16). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4798-chronic-painDydyk, A. M., & Conermann, T. (2024, May 6). Chronic pain. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553030/Sheng, J., Liu, S., Wang, Y., Cui, R., & Zhang, X. (2017). The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain. Neural Plasticity, 2017, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9724371Meda, R. T., Nuguru, S. P., Rachakonda, S., Sripathi, S., Khan, M. I., & Patel, N. (2022). Chronic Pain-Induced Depression: A Review of Prevalence and Management. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.28416*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/back-pain-shoulder-injury-sun-5163495/*

Regular stretching can help muscles stay long and flexible, so that when they are needed, they won’t be under too much pressure and potentially get hurt. Stretching helps the elongation of muscles and keeps them healthy and mobile, as well as promoting joint mobility. Without stretching, muscles can become short and rigid, and when they need to be activated, they may either not execute the required movement or even lead to serious injury. Some of the benefits of muscle flexibility brought about by stretching include:Better physical performanceLesser injury riskBetter blood flow in the muscles and bodyMore efficient muscle functioningBetter joint health and mobilityOne should keep in mind that stretching, especially if you aren’t used to it, can have negative consequences if not done correctly. Poorly executed stretching can lead to sprains and ligament injury. If you plan to begin stretching regularly and include stretching into your routine, try to efficiently and safely execute the movements. Stretching can be performed anytime and anyplace, but correct technique is key for benefiting from it and avoiding injury. A few tips for safe stretching are:Stretching isn’t a warmup, stretching cold muscles can lead to injury. A better idea would be to stretch after a short warmup or after a workout. Some research suggests that stretching can lower physical performance if performed right before an activity.Symmetry is important, equal stretching on both sides of the body leads to a healthy balance in the body, while asymmetrical stretching might lead to injury.Focus on important muscles, with so many muscles in the body one shouldn’t expect to adequately stretch them all, all the time. A good idea is to focus on larger muscle groups which are often used such as the calves, thighs, hips, lower back and neck. Another good idea is to stretch muscles that were previously used in a workout. Tension, not pain. Feeling tension when stretching is to be expected, the stretched position should be held and the tension will, over time, disappear as the muscles become more flexible. Feeling pain isn’t good, it is a signal that you are taking the stretch too far and should return to a position where you don’t feel the pain.Don’t bounce, ballistic stretching (bouncing) is a form of stretching for warming up, it uses sudden and quick movements. You should try to stretch slowly and have your movements be controlled if you are a beginner. Ballistic stretching can cause injury.If you suffer from a chronic disease or have an injury you should pay special attention to your stretching and seek advice from your doctor, physical therapist or other medical professional to better understand the best and safest way to stretch for your specific situation.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/photos/people-girl-alone-exercising-2605348/ *

Physical activity is a key factor in promoting healthy living and lengthening the life span. Recreative running is a popular form of physical activity which is practiced by many individuals in search of a healthier lifestyle. It is relatively easy to do, it can have a social component, it’s cheap, it’s also very efficient and accessible.Running helps with:Strengthening bonesBuilding muscleImproving the cardiovascular systemMaintaining a healthy weightStrengthening the immune systemRegulating sleep schedulesImproving moodTips for beginners:Visiting a doctor before starting a running program can have great preventive effects in the long term, especially if you are over 40, haven’t exercised in a long time, have a chronic illness or are overweight. This visit can help you understand the risks of this form of exercise in your specific case and how to start according to them.Motivation and discipline are necessary for this activity to develop into a habit that leads to a healthier lifestyle.Starting slow is important, from faster walking to running while steadily increasing the intensity over a period of days and months. In every session a combination of walking and running is preferable, increasing the amount of running over time.Setting goals will help you remain consistent and track your progress.Warming up and stretching are necessary both before and after running in order to avoid injury.Bring water with you, be careful not to drink too much before, during, or after the run.The body needs to recover, give yourself at least 2 rest days a week.Planning the route can help set goals and change scenery.Dress comfortably and sporty to allow your body freedom of movement.Running with friends or organizing a pleasurable activity after the run can help make this activity more fun.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-jogging-near-park-during-daytime-gGZ8ZynljWk*

Swimming is a great way to exercise and be physically active and it has numerous health benefits, everybody can participate in it, and it can be fun and relaxing. In recent years swimming has become a practical, non pharmaceutical, way of treating different diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and obesity. As an exercise it has a positive effect on the endurance of joints, it improves physical strength and helps reduce body fat. It also helps regulate lipids in the bloodstream which cause cardiovascular problems.Swimming strengthens muscles:The resistance that water provides helps strengthen and tone muscles, because water provides more resistance than air, swimming is more effective in this regard than running or bicycling. Swimming also promotes bone strength, which can significantly help women in menopause to prevent osteoporosis.Swimming affects the entire body:Swimming is an exercise performed in water, because of this it doesn’t put pressure on the skeletal structure and is a perfect way for people who have joint problems or a higher body weight to exercise with less difficulty. It can be a great exercise choice for someone who has an injury which makes other forms of exercise difficult. Swimming increases heart rate, strengthens and tones muscles and increases endurance without too much stress on the body.Different swimming styles like breaststroke, front crawl, backstroke, dolphin, butterfly and freestyle all focus on different muscle groups. Still, all of these styles use most muscles, so they positively affect the entire body.Swimming improves the cardiovascular system:By swimming the heart will pump blood more efficiently and this will lead to better blood flow through the body. Aerobic exercises like swimming generally have a positive effect on inflammations in the body that lead to heart disease. Swimming regulates lipides in the blood which cause cardiovascular problems, it also regulates blood pressure problems.Swimming regulates body weight:Swimming helps burn calories, the exact number of calories burned depends on the physiognomy and swimming style. A good piece of advice is to create intervals of high intensity swimming which gradually become longer with intervals of short rest in between.Swimming strengthens the lungs:Swimming promotes better breathing, as well as lung strength and capacity. It can have significant benefits in treating asthma because it leads the body to use oxygen more efficiently. Still, some research suggests that long-term exposure to the chemicals used to disinfect swimming pools can have negative effects on asthma. If you have asthma and wish to begin swimming you should firstly consult with your doctor to make sure this choice is safe for you.Swimming improves mood:Swimming, like other forms of exercise promotes the synthesis of endorphins (“the happy hormone”) and in doing so improves mood. Swimming is relaxing for the mind, the muscles stretch, breathing is rhythmical and in sync, this helps reduce stress. Researchers suggest that swimming is a good way to reduce stress levels in everyday life and that it has a positive impact on our mental health.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-swimming-on-an-olympic-pool-ZbbhkQ0M2AM*Lee, B., & Oh, D. (2015). Effect of regular swimming exercise on the physical composition, strength, and blood lipid of middle-aged women. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 11(5), 266–271. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.150242Omar, J. S., Jaradat, N., Qadoumi, M., & Qadoumi, A. N. (2021). Regular swimming exercise improves metabolic syndrome risk factors: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00254-8

Addiction is considered an extreme form of substance use disorder (SUD), a complex disorder which develops out of a multitude of biological and external factors, as well as their certain intertwinement.You can find mor more information about the misuse of psychoactive substances and substance abuse disorder here: https://helpmedix.com/en/news/257-the-misuse-of-psychoactive-substancesMost people are exposed to psychoactive substances, be it through social pressure, culturally and legally acceptable use or the use of medicaments. It is clear that these substances can lead to addiction and other serious health problems if they are misused. Still, depending on a variety of factors, people develop substance abuse disorders in different manners. The exposure to a substance that would cause addictive patterns in some won’t necessarily do so in others.What factors influence if someone will develop a substance use disorder and addiction?The factors are many and their overlapping is complex and difficult to measure, especially depending on the specific situation. Research can help us better understand these factors and develop new ways to treat this disorder more effectively.Factors that increase the risk of developing substance use disorder can be:Intrinsic (internal): genetics, sex, age, age of first usage, already existing substance use disorder, other mental disorders.Extrinsic (external): availability, peer pressure, difficulties in childhood, parenting style, socioeconomic status.Dependent on the substance: psychoactive characteristics, pharmacokinetics, way of consuming.The influence and effect of these factors depends on different life periods and phases of development of the disorder. For example, peer pressure and familial situations are most important for initial substance use, while genetic factors and psychopathology play a more subtle role in developing problematic patterns of use. Addiction is considered an extreme form of substance use disorder because at the time of diagnosis potentially irreversible neuroadaptive changes have already occurred. These changes were preventable in the earlier phases of the disorder, they act on the functioning of nerve cells and lead to substance tolerance, long – term need and longing for the substance and persisting feelings of discomfort which lead to relapse even after abstinence has been established.Inherited factors:Scientists are managing to find genetic data which speak to the heritability of substance use disorders, depending on the substance in question. This growing pool of data about genes and their combinations can help develop new specific ways to prevent and treat this disorder. Findings continue to confirm the important role of dopamine systems (reward systems) in addiction, the combination of genes specific for SUD is also connected to the regulation of dopamine signals.Understanding the influence of inherited genetic components on the vulnerability of developing SUDs is complex, no single disorder is clearly influenced by one single gene but by complicated combinations and interactions of genes and alleles.Understanding the relationship between genes and surroundings is also complicated, what has more influence? Twin studies have shown that monozygotic twins which have the same genetic structure can develop disorders such as SUDs because of surrounding factors.An important role in the interaction of genetic material and surrounding factors is played by epigenetics. Epigenetics is a biological mechanism which allows surrounding, external, factors to influence the expression of genes without altering the structure of the DNA, it allows “activation” of genetic potentials depending on external influence.Studies with adopted children show a higher risk of developing SUDs with children whose parents suffered from the same disorders, even though the children never met them.Research suggests that genetics are responsible for 40 – 60% of risk concerning this disorder.It is clear that external factors play a large role, because this disorder has a high heritability it isn’t uncommon to find addiction in the close family of the child. Familial influence is extremely important in early age for the development of this disorder, especially combined with genetic predispositions it can seriously increase risk of developing SUDs. Familial history can give us insight into genetic vulnerability, if you have close relatives who suffer from problems concerning substance use, it could be a clue that you need to be more careful about your and your families use. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa HolcerDucci, F., & Goldman, D. (2012). The genetic basis of addictive disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(2), 495–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.010Genes and addiction. (n.d.). https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/genes/New NIH study reveals shared genetic markers underlying substance use disorders. (2023, March 22). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2023/new-nih-study-reveals-shared-genetic-markers-underlying-substance-use-disordersRoberts, A. J., & Koob, G. F. (1997). The Neurobiology of Addiction: An Overview. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6826825/*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/dna-genetics-molecule-biology-5695421/*

Babies are fascinating beings, and below you can read about 10 interesting facts that happen with a baby's physical, emotional, and mental development.1. Crying without tearsDuring the first few months, babies cry without tears because their tear ducts have not developed. By straining and crying, they stimulate the "production of tears."2. Blue eyes are a common occurrenceMost babies are born with blue eyes, but during the first 6 months of their life, the color of their eyes changes.3. They are short-sightedThe average newborn can see 25cm in front of them, which allows them to see their mother's face while feeding.4. They recognize their motherDespite the long process of forming the physical, emotional, and mental development, a baby knows how to recognize its mother by the smell and sound of her voice.5. They use a universal languageBabies use the same sounds during the babbling period, but some of these sounds are lost as they adapt to their linguistic environment.6. Babies have more bonesA baby's skeletal system has over 300 bones, unlike an adult's skeletal system, which has 206 bones. As the baby grows, certain bones join together, reducing the numerical difference.7. They don't have kneecapsBabies have cartilage that resembles kneecaps, but the actual kneecaps form only in the sixth or seventh month of life, before the baby starts to crawl.8. They need physical contactBabies with enough physical contact grow up to have better attention, memory, and learning abilities.9. They are always hungryBabies are always hungry because they grow rapidly. By the sixth month of their life, they will double their birth weight.10. LaughterBabies have a fantastic ability to find things funny. On average, they smile 300 times a day, unlike adults who smile an average of 60 times a day.Understanding these details can enrich our knowledge and help us appreciate every moment spent with babies even more.References:https://vrsnjackapodrska.me/aktuelnosti/vijesti/605-zanimljive-cinjenice-o-tek-rodenim-bebamahttps://www.lingualogos.com/10-interesantnih-cinjenica-o-bebama/*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-babys-hand-qLFJKFBppPM*

A psychoactive substance is any substance which alters the state of consciousness, mood or behavior. Because of the interconnectivity of the world, it’s now extremely easy to gain access to any psychoactive substance or drug, whether synthetic or natural. Continuous unmonitored psychoactive substance consumption can lead to a multitude of health issues of which the most notable is substance use disorder and addiction. Because of the many negative effects these substances have, their production and distribution are either illegal, or under strict regulation and control by the government (medicine such as amphetamines or morphine etc.).Substance use disorder (SUD) is classified as a mental disorder which affects the brain and behavior. It is considered a disorder of the brain because of the significant functional changes it creates in the neural regions associated with reward, stress and self-control. These changes can persist long after the substance use ends.The main reasons for the start of consumption of psychoactive substances are:Feeling good: recreational use of psychoactive substances is often based on the feelings of pleasure and contempt these substances provide. The experience of euphoria and pleasure vary depending on the substance.Compensation: people with different problems often find relief and short-term improvement of their mood, anxiety and overall experiences using such substances. Exposure to stress is a common factor that contributes to the start of usage, continuation and later relapse.Performance enhancement: some people feel intense pressure to perform better in school, work or sports. Different substances can help in these fields in different ways.Curiosity and social pressure: in adolescence people are often vulnerable to the influence and expectations of their peers. Recreational experimentation with psychoactive substances can lead to serious misuse and addiction problems, and social influence is a serious risk factor.Addiction is considered the most extreme form of substance abuse disorder. It is defined as a chronic, repeating disorder which is characterized by compulsively trying to acquire the substance and use it, despite the knowledge of the negative consequences.Addiction can have other forms, associated with gambling, video games, internet or other specific behaviors. We here are focusing on addiction in relation to the use of psychoactive substances.Types of psychoactive substancesOne should keep in mind that some psychoactive substances are socially and legally acceptable and that their production and use is considered normal, or even a positive in some situations. This doesn’t mean their misuse isn’t dangerous. The misuse of medicine, coffee, tobacco or alcohol can lead to addiction as well as other serious health issues.Psychoactive substances are divided into categories by the effects they have on the nervous system:Depressors – can have a calming effect, they bring about feelings of relaxation, sleepiness, tranquility, and slow down psychomotor functions. They can also lead to nightmares, anxiety and aggression. Alcohol, sedatives and opiates are in this group.Stimulants – increase energy levels, wakefulness, stimulate psychomotor activity, increase confidence and feelings of energy and general happiness. They can increase heart rate and blood pressure. Caffeine, cocaine, amphetamine, cannabis and ecstasy are in this group.Hallucinogens – cause hallucinations and changes in perception, feelings of derealization and dissociation from surroundings or feelings of deep insight. LSD, mescaline, peyote, psilocybin fungi are in this group.Symptoms of substance use disorderAs state by the special hospital for addiction “Drajzerova”, substance addiction the presence of at least three of the following symptoms:Longing for the consumption of the substancePhysical abstinence symptoms when the use of the substance stopsDeveloping a tolerance for previously effective doses of the substancePreoccupation with the substanceNeglecting other interests in order to consume the substanceSpending large amounts of time to acquire and use the substanceContinuation of consumption even though the person is aware of the detrimental consequencesThere are psychological and physiological aspects to substance addiction. Alcohol, sedatives and opiates lead to both, other substances usually lead to psychological addiction which can have very severe symptoms which affect the general psycho-physiological state of the addict.Many of the more specific symptoms depend on the specific situation and substance. Causes and risk factorsModern science has established that many factors contribute to the development, and maintenance of this disorder.Biological factors: research states that genetics, as well as genetic expression influenced by the surroundings (epigenetics), have a significant role in the development of addictive patterns. Also, adolescents and people with other mental disorders have a higher chance of developing this disorder.Home and family: a very important factor, especially in early childhood, if parents or other family members display addictive patterns of behavior, the risk for the children drastically increases.School and peers: very significant in adolescents, peers can influence those with no other risk factors to try substances. Difficulties in schoolwork or social interactions can worsen the risk.Early use: the consumption of substances at any age can lead to addiction, but research shows that the risk is higher the earlier the use starts. This could be connected to the damaging effects of the substances on the development of the brain. Early use can be influenced by different social and biological factors such as inadequate familial stability, abuse, genetics or other mental disorders.Ways of consumption: different substances have different effects and different ways of use lead to different consequences. Consuming substances through smoking or injecting into the bloodstream tends to have more serious effects and thus consequences.People with substance abuse and addiction problems are often stigmatized (“junkies”), but it is important to understand that this is a disorder which comes about because of many different and complex factors and that these people need help and support to overcome these problems.Treating substance use disorderThere are many ways to treat substance use disorder. Treatments are individualized and vary depending on the specific person and substance. The treatments require continuity and monitoring.Because substance use disorder has a high comorbidity and overlapping with other mental disorders, it is often a good idea to treat them simultaneously instead of separately.It is necessary for the practitioner or diagnostician to give adequate treatment for the specific situation. It is necessary to take into account the specific combination of the disorders, symptoms, age, substance and situation. If you have doubts that you or someone close to you is experiencing problems with substance use, seek advice from a doctor or other qualified healthcare professional that could help you with diagnosing and finding adequate treatment for your specific situation.It is most common for treatment to combine pharmacotherapy (medicaments) with psychotherapy.The first step is detoxification which means cleaning the body from the problematic substance. Depending on the intensity of the problem, pharmacotherapy can be prescribed to help relieve the symptoms of the abstinence crisis. After this, the most common step is psychotherapy, which is most often based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or other forms of behavioral therapy. These types of therapy are focused on realization of goals and learning healthy behavioral, cognitive and emotional patterns. Their strength is commonly also in the easing of the other mental health problems which are often associated with substance abuse. It is common for the psychotherapy to include the family of the individual, they need help as well, since this problem affects not only the individual but those closest to them also. It is also important that the family learns and understands how they can provide adequate support.Pharmacotherapy can also be included in the therapeutic plan, as a way to regulate the chemical imbalance in the brain, ease the longing for the substance, as well as the symptoms of the abstinence crisis. The specific pharmacotherapy in a big way is dependent on the specific substance in question.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer.Drug Misuse and Addiction | National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024, January 5). National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addictionFletcher, J. (2023, November 15). What to know about the different types of psychoactive drugs. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/types-of-psychoactive-drugs#typesSubstance use and Co-Occurring mental disorders. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-healthŠta treba znati o drogama? (n.d.). Drajzerova. https://www.drajzerova.org.rs/saveti/%C5%A1ta-treba-znati-o-drogama*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/vhite-labeled-jar-on-top-of-cube-ball-on-blue-tektile-ap5KpBcguAK*

What is obsessive compulsive disorder?Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-term disorder in which a person can experience reoccurring thoughts which they can’t control (obsessions) or repetitive behaviors (compulsions), or both. It’s common for the obsessive thoughts to be connected to the behaviors (for example:” if I don’t wash my hands a specific number of times something horrible will happen”). These symptoms create significant stress in the everyday life of the individual and can consume a lot of time and make the simplest of actions difficult. This disorder affects many people around the world, including not only adults, but children and adolescents as well.What are the most common symptoms of OCD?Obsessions are thoughts, ideas, images or impulses that appear in the mind of the individual again and again. They are usually disturbing, and the individual often tries to fight them off and remove them from their mind. These obsessions are recognized by the individual as their own even though they are unwanted and unpleasant, not as that of others, which is an important diagnostic criterion.Compulsive behavior or rituals are mental or physical behaviors which are repeated again and again. They are not practical or instrumental in the accomplishment of some task. Their function is most often to prevent the realization of some very unlikely event which is usually connected to some form of misfortune, pain or damage that would befall the individual or those close to them, or the individual would act them out themselves. The belief that these pointless actions and behaviors somehow stop these horrible events is a key part of this disorder. It’s common that individuals recognize these behaviors as nonsensical and pointless and try to fight them, like the obsessions, but often to no avail. Anxiety is created by the obsessive thoughts and gets drastically worse if the compulsive behaviors aren’t fulfilled or are trying to be stopped.The presence of obsessions, compulsions or both are the clearest indications of this disorder.Common obsessions are:Fear of germs, filth and contaminationFear of forgetting or losing somethingFear of losing control over one’s own behaviorAggressive thoughts directed towards oneself or othersUnwanted, forbidden or taboo themes concerning sex, religion or violenceThe wish for things to be symmetrical, in perfect order and organizationCommon compulsions are:Excessive cleaning or hand washingArranging objects in a certain, precise wayRepeated checking of things, like if the door is locked or if the stove is turned offCompulsive countingSilent word repetition or prayerNot all repeated thoughts are obsessions, and not all rituals and habits are compulsions. The main difference is that people with OCD cannot control their excessive thoughts and behaviors, they often spend more than an hour daily thinking obsessive thoughts or doing compulsive activities, they gain no pleasure from completing them but only the reduction of anxiety.Because of all of this, individuals with OCD have significant problems in their everyday functioning and lives.Some people who suffer from OCD can demonstrate repetitive unwanted movements or sound tics. The movement tics are sudden and short, like blinking, eye movements, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging or sudden movements of the head or shoulder. The vocal tics can be clearing of the throat, sniffing or other similar sounds.Adults with this disorder often understand the pointlessness of the content of their obsessions and compulsions, but children might not, and this often has a significant impact on them. Parents and teachers are often able to recognize OCD symptoms in children. The symptoms of OCD can begin in any age but it’s most common for them to appear in the period between late childhood and adolescence. Symptoms can be weaker or easier to handle in the beginning and get worse over time, or they can disappear and then return. In stressful periods the symptoms often worsen. The contents of the obsessions and compulsions can also change over time.The causes of OCD:As with many mental disorders, a specific cause isn’t clear, but many of the risk factors that contribute to the development of this disorder are.Genetics: research shows that family history and the presence of OCD in closer relatives is a significant factor that contributes to the chances of development of this disorder.Biology: research shows that differences exist in the neural structures and their functioning in those who suffer from OCD, especially in the regions that are designated to control behavior and emotional responses. Further research is being conducted to better understand the connectedness of neural structures and their functioning in this disorder.Temperament: temperament is the predisposed biological base of interaction between the individual and the world on top of which other characteristics of personality are developed. Research has shown that people who demonstrate reclusive behaviors, are susceptible to negative emotions and show symptoms of depression and anxiety as children have higher chances of developing OCD later in life.Trauma: some research has shown the connection of trauma, specifically in early childhood, and OCD symptoms. Further research is needed in order to better understand this relationship.Diagnosing OCD:OCD has common comorbidity and overlapping with other mental disorders such as Tourette syndrome, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, schizophrenia and ADHD. This makes diagnosing OCD difficult and speaks to the complexity of the disorder. People with OCD often consume alcohol and other psychoactive substances in order to cope with their symptoms.If you doubt that you or someone in your vicinity has OCD symptoms you should consult a doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist or other qualified healthcare experts. Expect questions about the symptoms, health history, familial health history and potential redirection toward mental health experts in order of precise understanding of the diagnosis.OCD treatment:The good news is that therapy can help many who suffer from even the most intense types of OCD.  The most common ways of treating OCD are through psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or their combination. It is important to follow the instructions of your doctor or therapist who assists in the making of the therapy plan, because both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy can take some time to start working. There isn’t a clear way to get rid of OCD completely, but there are many ways and techniques which help regulate symptoms and help implement functionality and normality into everyday life.Psychotherapy: research shows that some forms of psychotherapy can be, in many cases, as effective as pharmacotherapy in the reduction of OCD symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most efficient and focused on the problem of the symptomatology form of psychotherapy that has significantly positive results with OCD. Techniques within CBT like exposure therapy and response prevention therapy have proven to be significantly successful with OCD symptoms, even when individuals don’t react well to the pharmacotherapy.Pharmacotherapy: the most common pharmacotherapy that is used with OCD is antidepressants, specifically selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI). The betterment of the symptoms can appear after 8 – 12 weeks of using the antidepressant. Sometimes unwanted reactions to this therapy can be expected such as: headaches, sleep disorders, lightheadedness and nausea. The medical expert with which the individual in consulting regarding the therapy can lower or increase the dosage of the antidepressant, if necessary, as to regulate the unwanted symptoms or avoid the possibility of creating an addiction to the medication. It is important to stick to the prescribed therapy and not abandon the medication without consultation.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer British Psychological Society (UK). (2006). Diagnostic criteria. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56452/ ICD-10 version:2019. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F42 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd#part_2230 Singh, A., Anjankar, V. P., & Sapkale, B. (2023). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A comprehensive review of diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment approaches. Curēus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48960*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/person-in-grey-t-shirt-washing-hands-O2jdGcXmgAw*

1. What is measles?Measles, smallpox, measles (lat. morbilli - "small disease") is a viral, highly contagious disease from the group of rash fevers, which mainly affects children but also adults. It is caused by the measles virus.2. How is the disease transmitted?Smallpox is transmitted by direct contact with a sick person (kissing, shaking hands), through the air through respiratory droplets emitted by a sick person (coughing, sneezing) and rarely indirectly through freshly contaminated objects. 3. Clinical picture of smallpox:After the incubation of the virus entering the body, it takes from 7 to 18 days until the manifestation of the disease and the appearance of more problems.The symptoms are as follows:Increased body temperature Nasal discharge A cough ConjunctivitisWatery, red eyes Swollen eyelids These symptoms last 2 to 4 days, after which the following symptoms occur:A jump in body temperature (over 40 degrees)Maculopapular rash (appears first on the face, neck and behind the ears, then the rash spreads to the trunk and extremities)Koplik's spots (small white dots on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity)4. When is a sick person contagious?An infected person is contagious to his environment on the last day of incubation, 4 days before the manifestation of the rash and 4 days after the manifestation of the rash. 5. Complications of smallpox:Complications are more common in children under the age of 5 and adults over the age of 20.Pneumonia Inflammation of the middle ear DiarrheaInflammation of /the brain Pneumonia occurs in every 20th affected person, and about 60% of cases of death are due to this complication.Every thousandth patient gets inflammation of the brain, while every thousand patients with this complication die.6. What are the preventive measures to prevent smallpox infection?The only successful prevention measure is vaccination.Vaccination creates solid and long-lasting immunity.7. MMR vaccineThe MMR vaccine is given in two doses:It is given to children in their second year of life (timely vaccine given at the age of 12 to 15 months).Children in the seventh year of life (as part of the preparation for entering the first grade of primary school)Vaccination against measles is part of the routine immunization program in many countries and is recommended for all persons, including children and adults. It is an extremely effective and safe way to protect against smallpox and prevent the occurrence of serious health problems.8. Is there a possibility of re-infection with smallpox?It's possible, but unlikely, say the CDC, the NHS and bodies such as the Mayo Clinic, an American non-profit medical institution.The Mayo Clinic says that more than 93 percent of people who get the first dose of the MMR vaccine develop immunity to measles.The second dose provides protection for about 97 percent of those vaccinated.People who are not sure if they have been vaccinated against measles can have a blood test to show if they have immunity.If you suspect that your child, you, your friends, your family have smallpox, you can check the symptoms on our website in the section Checking symptoms, after that it is best to make an appointment with a doctor.On our website, in the Doctors section, you can check which doctors in private institutions provide examination services.Current epidemiological situation of smallpox (measles) in the Republic of SerbiaA total of 181 measles cases were registered as of 7.7.2024. years.In the period from 1.7.2024. until 7/7/2024. year, 31 cases of measles were registered, 23 on in the territory of Novi Pazar, six in the territory of Belgrade and one case each in Novi Sad and Loznica.On the territory of the city of Belgrade, 94 cases of measles were registered as part of the epidemic reported on 22.2.2024. years. In addition, measles was confirmed in two children with territory of the Republic of Srpska. In the Reference Laboratory of the Institute of Virology, vaccines and "Torlak" serums, 76 cases were confirmed, and 20 sick people were contacts laboratory confirmed cases. Among the sick are 28 children under the age of six years, of which 25 were unvaccinated, two received one dose of vaccine each component against measles, and one is of unknown vaccination status, 19 unvaccinated persons aged 6 to 25 years, eight fully vaccinated persons between the ages of 14 and 28, as well as 41 people over 30, one of whom is fully vaccinated with two doses of measles vaccine, four are incomplete vaccinated with one dose of vaccine, one unvaccinated, and 35 unknown vaccination status. A complication in the form of pneumonia was present in seven the sick.Six confirmed cases of measles were registered in the territory of Novi Sad. The affected persons are over 30 years old, one of whom was incompletely vaccinated with one dose of the vaccine with the measles component, and five are of unknown vaccination status.References:Gradski zavod za javno zdravlje Beograd https://www.zdravlje.org.rs/index.php/aktuelne-vesti/1175-morbile-male-boginjeInstitut za javno zdravlje Crne Gore https://www.ijzcg.me/me/male-boginje-morbilliBBC NEWS “Male boginje: Koji su simptomi i kako sprečiti zarazu”https://www.bbc.com/serbian/lat/svet-68116619Wikipedia “Male boginje” https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr-el/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5#:~:text=Male%20boginje%20(lat.,groznica%2C%20koje%20uglavnom%20poga%C4%91a%20decu.Акtuеlnа еpidеmiоlоšка situаciја mаlih bоginjа (mоrbilа) u Rеpublici Srbiјihttps://www.batut.org.rs/index.php?content=2776*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/baby-sleeping-tC9boyqy_40*

What is ADHD?ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a disorder that affects attention and behavior.It is characterized by appearance in childhood, inability to endure in activities which require concentration, the tendency to quickly switch from one action to another without finishing the first, disorganization, and bad behavior control.ADHD symptoms create a pattern of inattentiveness and/or hyperactivity – impulsivity which can make everyday functioning, as well as the completion of natural developmental processes in children, difficult.These children often find themselves having problems with authority, not because of their purposeful disobedience, but because of their inattentiveness and impulsivity. Because of this they can have bad relationships with grownups, be they teachers or parents, and even their peers, which can lead to low self-esteem and social isolation.It is not uncommon for these children to have worse cognitive development, as well as specific lagging behind in motor and language development.ADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed disorders in children, it most often appears in the age range from 3 – 4 years old. It is often recognized only when children start school and are presented with structured activities with which they have difficulties. It can continue into adolescence and adulthood.How is ADHD different from normal inattentiveness?It is normal for people to have difficulties with attention in situations of boredom or exhaustion, professionals try to understand the impact of the symptoms on everyday functioning, in comparison to what is expected at the certain developmental stage.What is ADD?ADD (attention deficit disorder) is the old name for ADHD, the name was changed to include the concept of hyperactivity, but the old term is often used as a synonym for ADHD.Typical ADHD symptoms:ADHD has two wide categories of symptoms, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.Inattention symptoms:-    Easily distracted by external stimuli-    Simple mistakes in schoolwork, career or other activities-   Difficulty in maintaining concentration in tasks, play, conversation, reading…-   Seems absentminded when being talked to directly-   Difficulty following instructions, easily starting, but difficulty in completing tasks-   Difficulty in organizing activities, things, time-   Avoiding tasks which require mental effort-   Often losing thingsSymptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity:-   Difficulty in sitting still, jittery, running or climbing in inappropriate situations, often leaving one’s place when expected to sit still for prolonged periods of time-   Difficulty in slower activities-   Talks too much-   Seems always ready for movement or action-   Gives answers before allowing the question to finish-   Interrupts and bothers others-   Difficulty in waiting and patience-   Often daydreamingTypes of ADHD:Three types of ADHD can be identified according to which types of symptoms are dominant:Dominant inattentive symptomsDominant hyperactivity/impulsivity symptomsCombined typeThe combined type is a combination of both previously mentioned types and is the most prevalent, while the hyperactivity/impulsivity type is the rarest.Gender differences:Boys are three times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls. This difference isn’t necessarily due to the disorder being more prevalent in males, but rather probably because of the ways it manifests in the two sexes.Research shows that it is more probable that girls will manifest symptoms of inattention while boys will manifest symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity. Gender roles can also have a significant influence over the ways in which ADHD manifests itself, it is easier to spot and recognize more physical and behavioral symptoms in boys while symptoms of inattention are often overlooked with girls.Inability to recognize symptoms for what they are can often lead to bad self-esteem and present a serious risk in the later formation of other mental disorders such as depression and eating disorders.ADHD in adults:The symptoms of ADHD tend to change with age:-   Difficulty with starting and finishing tasks-   Difficulty with directing and regulating attention-   Difficulty with organization-   Uneasiness, tension-   Often interrupting-   Anger issues-   Procrastination-   Low threshold of frustration tolerance-   Difficulty with concentration while readingPeople with ADHD can also have hyperfocus, this isn’t an official symptom but can be a relevant indicator. Hyperfocus is highly focused attention that lasts a longer time in which the awareness of everything else is lost, except for the thing that is being focused on. It is possible for everybody to experience this state, but research suggests that it tends to be easier for people with ADHD.Adults with ADHD, especially undiagnosed or untreated, can suffer multiple problems in their everyday lives, social, academic, career and even drug abuse.Causes of ADHD:The causes of ADHD aren’t completely clear, but expert’s hypothesis currently is that the disorder is highly genetically predisposed.Other possible causes and risk factors are brain lesions, trauma, stress, exposure to toxins like lead which can influence the development of the central nervous system, use of alcohol and tobacco in pregnancy, as well as early birth.Treating ADHD:For children suffering from ADHD there isn’t one specific, clear solution.Each case is specific and depends upon several factors, what is understood is that the influence of ADHD can be regulated through a combination of support in education, counseling, and support to both parents and children with behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy if needed. Different types of psychotherapy can have a significant role in regulating the problems caused by ADHD, the ones most often recommended are cognitive and cognitive behavioral therapy. An important factor for choice of therapy is the age of the child.Behavioral therapy can include parental training and can teach children to monitor certain negative behaviors and adequately change them. The focus of the method is on concrete behavioral problems and their regulation.Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy which is short – termed, focused on clear goals and deals with changing negative patterns of thought and behavior, the regulation of emotional processes, and development of skills which help overcome (ADHD) symptoms.Pharmacotherapy is prescribed by doctors and taken under their counsel, the main categories in which ADHD medicine falls are stimulants and non – stimulants. They are used for treating symptoms in adults and older children, but difficulties with career, social life and low self-esteem created by years of struggle with difficult symptoms can persist.Psychotherapy helps people with ADHD to learn to look at their state differently, motivate and organize themselves so that they can face the difficulties presented by this disorder.Changes in lifestyle can also have significant effects, an appropriate amount of sleep, regular physical activity and exercise, a healthy diet and supplements such as iron, magnesium and zinc can all have positive effects on ADHD symptoms.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhdAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in children and Teens: What you need to know. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-children-and-teens-what-you-need-to-knowAdult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2023, January 25). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350878About Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (2024, May 15). Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). https://www.cdc.gov/adhd/about/index.htmlCogniFit. (n.d.). Prevazilaženje ADHD-a: Šta Je? Da Li Se Može Izlečiti? Vežbe, Karakteristike I Simptomi, Vrste I Uzroci. https://www.cognifit.com/rs/science/recovering-brainhealth/adhdFaraone, S. V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003, June 1). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525089/ICD-10 version:2016. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/F90.0*This text is intended solely for informational purposes. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the website: https://www.pexels.com/photo/boy-in-purple-shirt-playing-on-mobile-phone-8617802/*

What is anxiety?Anxiety is a normal emotion which represents feelings of worry, fear and uncertainty, it functions as a warning towards potential danger. Whereas fear is a primary emotion which has a strong biological component which warns us of imminent, current, dangerous stimuli, anxiety is a reaction to danger that could potentially happen, a fear of danger that is being expected.It’s normal to feel a certain level of anxiety in different stressful situations, like a job interview, a medical evaluation or different types of test situations.Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders which share the same main characteristic of overwhelming feelings of anxiety. When it comes to these disorders a real source of fear and danger doesn’t exist, or if it does exist the anxious reaction to it is far too dramatic. These feelings of anxiety have a negative impact on everyday functioning, they often lead to avoiding the thing that creates the anxiety and can lead to loss of self – confidence, social isolation and career failures.Typical symptoms of anxiety disorders:The main symptoms for this group of disorders are the overwhelming feelings of fear, worry and anxiety. Apart from these, some other symptoms are:Feelings of panic, uneasiness, tension, being “on edge”Anticipating the worst outcome, feelings of approaching dangerProblems with concentrationDisordered sleep and feelings of exhaustionIrritabilityFeelings of guilt and inadequacyAvoiding the stimuli which create anxiety (places, people, situations)Apart from these, physical symptoms are also typical for situations in which anxiety is manifested:Increased heartrateShortness of breath or hyperventilationTremorNauseaMuscle tensionSweating, cold sweat, sweating palmsLightheadednessStomach pain and crampsInability to relaxDry mouthDigestive problemsThe presence of some of these symptoms in a significant quantity can be an indication of anxiety disorders. What differentiates between different anxiety disorders is when the symptoms arise and in what fashion, what is the source of the anxiety.Types of anxiety disorders:Generalized anxiety disorder – diagnostically it’s characterized by anxiety connected to at least two everyday situations. This type of anxiety isn’t connected to a specific source of anxiety, instead, the symptoms are constant and follow the individual who cannot regulate or control them, causing difficulties in everyday functioning. This form of anxiety is also known as “free floating”, it means the anxiety is ever – present and is derived from a multitude of potential danger sources in the perception of the individual.Social anxiety (social phobia) – anxiety is caused by everyday social interactions. People with this disorder suffer from fears of public speaking, social evaluation, judgment and criticism. They fear that they will make a mistake in the interaction and embarrass themselves in some way which will lead to others judging them to be worthless. Fear of social rejection and judgment, as well as being nervous before performing in front of people is completely normal and to be expected, the problem arises when it becomes a continued rumination on this topic and the person cannot function normally. It can lead to avoiding all kinds of social situations and social isolation.Panic disorder – characterized by panic attacks, which have intense, unexpected and very physical symptoms. The most common symptoms are increased heart rate, sweating, feelings of suffocation, chest pain, feelings of approaching danger, lightheadedness, nausea, fear of insanity and fear of death. It is not uncommon for panic attacks to repeat in certain situations, which can be said to cause them, the person will probably start avoiding this situation altogether. A panic attack usually passes after a few minutes, but can sometimes last for hours, it can look like a heart attack or stroke. Panic attacks aren’t dangerous on their own but can get worse over time and resemble serious issues, so it's very important to consult a medical professional.Phobias – feelings of intense fear caused by a certain object or situation, for example: heights, flying, small spaces, blood, spiders... It’s more difficult and intense than normal fears and it makes everyday life difficult.Agoraphobia – an intense fear and anxiety of leaving familiar and safe surroundings, the assumption that something bad will happen and that it will be impossible to escape that danger or find help. It’s most often connected to open spaces, public spaces, situations in which a large crowd of people is present. In extreme cases it can lead to people with this disorder considering their home as the only safe and familiar space and refusing to leave it.Separation anxiety – it is considered something which only occurs with children but can be diagnosed in adults too. These individuals fear separating from the people they are closest to because of fears that something bad will happen to them. They can tend to avoid solitude, the symptoms might worsen when the separation is about to happen.Selective mutism – a rare anxiety disorder, it’ most commonly found in children under the age of five. Even though they have normal language and speaking capabilities, they cannot manage to talk in certain social situations. It is often connected to extreme shyness, fear of embarrassment or compulsive traits.Causes of anxiety disorders:There isn’t a completely clear understanding of what leads to anxiety disorders, but some of the established causes are: genetic dispositions, stressful and traumatic events, hormonal disbalance, misuse of psychoactive substances, reactions to certain medication, personality traits and other health issues (thyroid gland, asthma, diabetes, heart disease, depression) can cause and worsen symptoms.Diagnosis of anxiety disorders:A doctor can ask questions about symptoms, their intensity, how long they have been present, their appearance, and so on. Firstly, they will determine that it’s not a matter of a different medical state which could have similar symptoms. It is highly likely that they could refer the individual to a psychiatrist or psychologist in order to determine a diagnosis. They can conduct different types of tests, as well as conversation, to understand the severity of the symptoms, what causes them, and their influence on the everyday life and functioning of the individual.Treating anxiety disorders:Anxiety disorders are generally treated using psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy or a combination of these two.Psychotherapy:Psychotherapy in situations with anxiety involves developing healthy coping mechanisms, changing negative core values which shape how one perceives the world and themselves, developing and strengthening self – confidence, gaining insight into the cause of the symptoms, understanding the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral patterns which perpetuate these states.The psychotherapeutic approach which has the most success with treating anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) – fast paced, with a predetermined number of sessions, efficient and economical. It is primarily concerned with understanding the relationship between beliefs and behavior. It’s focused on learning and developing new, positive, ways of thinking, looking at things and developing healthy behaviors.One of the most commonly used techniques in treating anxiety disorders is exposure therapy. It consists of gradual exposure and confrontation with the object that causes anxiety, so as to show its harmlessness.Pharmacotherapy:The use of pharmacotherapy should be decided and conducted in accordance with the counsel of a medical professional. Different medication is used in the treatment of different types of anxiety disorder and can have negative consequences in case of misuse.The most commonly used are antidepressants, anxiolytics and sedatives. The goal of pharmacotherapy is to regulate the symptoms by regulating the chemical processes in the brain. In some cases, this allows for psychotherapeutic intervention, which would otherwise be impossible due to the overwhelming symptoms.Changes in everyday life can help alleviate and regulate anxious symptoms. Support groups, socialization, rest and relaxation, regulation of stress, adequate sleep, physical activity, a healthy diet, lowering caffeine intake and not consuming alcohol or recreational drugs, are all factors which can significantly help the betterment of anxious symptoms. Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa HolcerReference:Anxiety disorders. (n.d.). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders Anxiety disorders - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2018, May 4). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961ICD-10 version:2016. (n.d.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/F41 Mitchell, K. (2024, May 6). Anxiety disorders. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/anxiety-disorders#1-1 What are anxiety disorders? (n.d.). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, September 27). Anxiety disorders. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders 

Depression is a mood disorder which is generally characterized by a deep feeling of hopelessness, loss of confidence, energy, willpower and disordered sleep and appetite. This disorder is highly frequent in the general population and has a high comorbidity with other mental disorders.For more information about depression read: https://helpmedix.com/novosti/227Depression is primarily treated through the use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. The appearance of depression in populations which don’t have adequate access to medical institutions and therapy is common. It is also common that, because of stigma and lack of information surrounding depression, individuals stay undiagnosed and don’t get the treatment they need. Even in the cases of pharmacotherapy use it’s possible for the drugs to create unwanted consequences, for them to lose their potency over time, and even for and addiction to develop. The treatment of depression isn’t simple nor easy, our advice is to contact a medical professional, doctor, psychiatrist or psychologist and in cooperation with them work on resolving this problem.How can physical activity help?Physical activity and exercise can positively affect the prevention and regulation of depressive symptoms in many ways. Active exercise creates a diverse positive physiological effect on the human body and its health. Exercise can help prevent heart disease, certain types of cancer and diabetes. It also promotes healthy sleeping and eating habits. Intense, active exercise, such as cardio – vascular training, or strength and endurance training, promotes the secretion of endorphin, a hormone which is responsible for the reduction of stress and pain, as well as mood regulation. The famous feeling of “runner's high” after a draining workout is the result of this process. Even less intense physical activity, like longer periods of walking, doing more physical chores around the house or generally any activity that would get us out of the sitting position, can have positive effects on our mood. This type of general increase in physical activity helps the secretion of brain – derived neurotrophic factor, which helps neurons grow and form new connections in the nervous system, thus elevating general mood and energy levels.Research done by the American national institute of mental health (NIMH) shows that even small amounts of physical activity can have a significant influence in the prevention of depressive symptoms. The results of the research suggest that the most significant effect happens when going from no physical activity at all, to at least some physical activity. The researchers explain that physical activity that would be the equivalent of 2,5 hours of walking weekly can have an effect that could reduce chances of depression by 25%.Psychosocial factors of physical activity are also significantly relevant in the reduction and regulation of depressive symptoms. This refers to increased confidence, better self – perception, better body – image, more social interactions.The effect of our surroundings can also be significant, a higher proximity to green areas is correlated with a lower risk of depression. Physical activity and active exercise also promote better sleep patterns and a healthier diet, which both have a positive influence on depressive symptoms.Where to start?The idea of starting a training regime can seem scary and difficult, especially if you are having problems with motivation and mood, like in depression.It’s important to pursue something that doesn’t feel like a chore, but is pleasurableTracking your routine can help you set realistic, rational goals you can attainVariation of exercise and activity can help solidify this way of life and make habitual changesNot attaining certain goals and expectations is no reason for despair, its all part of the processAs we stated before, even smaller steps in the right direction can be significant when physical activity is concerned. There is no need for drastic decisions and ideas that can prove to be too demanding and difficult. If you want to dedicate yourself to a physical activity or training regime, we suggest consulting a healthcare professional who can help you in formulating a plan and understanding the required effort and benefits of this process.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology Aleksa HolcerCodella, R., & Chirico, A. (2023). Physical Inactivity and Depression: The Gloomy Dual with Rising Costs in a Large-Scale Emergency. International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health/International Journal of Environmental Research and PublicHealth, 20(2),1603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021603Depression screeningand treatment in adults. (2016, October 4). National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/depression-screening-treatment-adults Factors that affectdepression risk. (2020, September 15). National Institutes of Health(NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/factors-affect-depression-risk Pearce, M., Garcia, L.,Abbas, A., Strain, T., Schuch, F. B., Golubic, R., Kelly, P., Khan, S.,Utukuri, M., Laird, Y., Mok, A., Smith, A., Tainio, M., Brage, S., &Woodcock, J. (2022). Association between physical activity and risk ofdepression. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(6), 550. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609 Wanjau, M. N., Möller,H., Haigh, F., Milat, A., Hayek, R., Lucas, P., & Veerman, J. L. (2023).Physical Activity and Depression and Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review ofReviews and Assessment of Causality. AJPMFocus, 2(2),100074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focus.2023.100074

As stated by Puls Cardiology Center in their article "Kako bi trebalo da izgleda ishrana posle infarkta i ugradnje stenta?", diet after stent implantation plays a key role in the recovery of the heart muscle.Dr Goran Popović, a cardiologist, provides a few key tips in his article to reduce the chances of another heart attack:Lower cholesterol levels in the blood and blood pressure;Contribute to feeling healthier and more energetic;Regulate weight if necessary;Reduce the chances or improve control over the level of blood sugar.What is advisable to introduce into the diet? Vegetables and grains - Increase your intake of fruits and vegetables, but also grains such as brown rice, whole grain bread, and cereals.Proteins - Include diverse proteins in your diet such as eggs, lean chicken, turkey, fish and seafood, legumes (beans and lentils).Dairy products - Consume partially skimmed milk, yogurt, and cheese.Fats - Consume healthy fats such as olives, avocados, nuts, seeds, and cooking oils made from these ingredients. Spices instead of salt - Instead of salt, you can add a variety of herbs and spices. Include in your diet foods rich in antioxidantsVitamin C - found in peppers, broccoli, oranges, lemons, kiwi, strawberries...Vitamin E - found in sunflower seeds, peanuts, almonds...Lycopene - found in tomatoes, watermelon, carrots, mango...Beta-carotene - found in carrots, green leafy vegetables, red bell peppers, apricots...Selenium - found in fish, seafood, and red meat.Omega-3 fatty acids - found in tuna, salmon, herring, and flaxseed.What is not allowed in diet? Pastries, cakes, muffins, cookies, ice cream, milk chocolate...Processed meat, such as ham, sausages, hot dogs, as well as canned and fast food, snacks, industrial sauces...Refined oils, margarine and other dairy productsFried, breaded and fatty foodsCarbonated, sweetened drinksAlcohol. Reference:Cicović, Aleksandar. 2022. https://pulskardioloskicentar.rs/en/nutrition-after-a-heart-attack-and-stent-implantation/Stanković, Ivan, Ivanka Miletić i Brižita Đorđević, 2008. Hrana i dijetetski proizvodi i ishemijska bolest srca, Arh.farm 2008;58: 443 – 453, Institut za bromatologiju, Farmaceutski fakultet Beograd, https://farfar.pharmacy.bg.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/1135/1133.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yNikolić, Maja, 2011, Značaj ishrane u sekundarnoj prevenciji i rehabilitaciji koronarne bolesti, Srce i krvni sudovi 30(4): 206-209, https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/1821-4835/2011/1821-48351104206N.pdf*This text is intended solely for informational purposes. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the website: https://unsplash.com/photos/black-and-red-cherries-on-white-bowl-nTZOILVZuOg*

Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders which are among the most prevalent among global populations. They can have serious effects on the individual and the people closest to them. Stigmatization of such disorders is common; people tend to attribute such states to “cowardice” or some sort of mental “weakness”. This type of judgement can lead to people being left undiagnosed and the problems accompanying these disorders only worsening.You can read more about anxiety disorders here: https://helpmedix.com/novosti/232Research shows that anxiety disorders are associated with difficulties in cognitive functions such as attention, working memory and executive functioning.Functional neuroimaging techniques show a pattern in which individuals suffering from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have higher levels of neural activity in the amygdala and insula. These parts of the brain are associated with processing emotional and physical stimuli. This suggests an interconnectedness of neural mechanisms which influence the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders.Neural imaging also suggests that people with GAD have a weaker connection between the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, which is considered key for regulating emotional responses.In other research, which was focused on other anxiety disorders, a significant overactivation was discovered in the frontal and parietal regions of the brain as well.The significance of the biological is evident when it comes to anxiety disorders, whether considering its high genetic heritability, or the clear neurological differences from the rest of the population. What is CBT?Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy which is focused on teaching individuals about the effects that their beliefs and behaviors have on their emotional states. It teaches them to recognize, confront, and change, unhealthy and stressful cognitive, emotional and behavioral patterns. CBT is the most scientifically based psychotherapy model and one of the most effective and economical forms of psychotherapy. The focus in CBT is on solving a specific problem and there is often a predetermined number of therapy sessions which is agreed upon. CBT is also one of the most efficient methods of treating anxiety disorders.The influence of CBT:Research conducted by the American national institute of mental health (NIMH) shows a significantly positive influence of CBT on children diagnosed with anxiety disorders. In their research they tested the children for symptoms of anxiety disorders, as well as tested the neural activation levels in the significant regions of the brain using neuroimaging techniques. One group had anxiety disorders, while the control group didn’t. The anxious group was subjected to CBT treatment in the span of 3 months, after the therapy the tests were done again.After the 3 months the children with anxiety disorders showed a significant reduction in anxious symptoms and better functioning. The neural activity in the parietal and frontal regions of the brain was also significantly reduced and fell to similar, or even lower, levels than that of the control group. Some different regions of the brain persisted in their heightened activity, which suggests that perhaps some parts of the brain are more resistant to CBT. This might mean that in these cases therapy should last longer, or maybe different forms of therapy are necessary, or even direct brain stimulation. It is also important to note that this research was performed on children, in which the therapeutic prognosis is better.Anxiety disorders are many and complex, they shouldn’t be taken lightly and shouldn’t be perceived as something one can handle by themselves. If you have doubts about yourself or someone close to you suffering from an anxious disorder, we recommend consulting with a doctor, psychiatrist, psychologist or other qualified medical practitioner.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa HolcerCognitive behavioral therapy alters brain activity in children with anxiety. (2024, January 24). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2024/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-alters-brain-activity-in-children-with-anxietyGkintoni, E., & Ortiz, P. S. (2023). Neuropsychology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Clinical setting: a Systematic evaluation. Healthcare, 11(17), 2446. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11172446Langarita-Llorente, R., & Gracia-Garcia, P. (2019). Neuropsicología del trastorno de ansiedad generalizada: revisión sistemática. Revista De Neurología/Revista De Neurología Electrónica, 69(02), 59. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.6902.2018371*This text is intended solely for informational purposes. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the website: https://unsplash.com/photos/brown-brain-so1L3jsdD3Y*

These are the five global principles of skincare and body care:1. Skin TypeYou must first determine your skin type before embarking on a specific program for your skin.The four skin types are oily, dry, combination, and normal. Knowing this will enable you to choose the right products and obtain optimum results.2. Daily RoutineA disciplined daily skincare routine is essential for healthy, well-maintained skin. The routine could be simple or complex in nature but contains some basic steps such as washing the face with a facial cleanser, toning, moisturizing, and applying sunscreen (SPF) for face care; regular showers plus body scrubbing and lotion application for body care.3. Sun ProtectionWearing sunscreen preserves skin from harmful ultraviolet rays, preventing early aging signs, sun marks, and skin cancer.4. Proper Nutrition and HydrationTo keep your skin healthy, you should eat nutritious foods rich in vitamins and minerals while remaining hydrated by drinking sufficient water.While skincare products offer external support, proper nutrition through dieting together with enough water is an internal intervention that affects the health of one’s skin.5. Individual ApproachEvery individual has a unique type of their own; therefore, you may need different methods of caring for the same.We advise you to consult a dermatologist before you start creating your skincare routine for your face and body to reduce the risk of potential chemical and mechanical damage to the skin.During your visit to the dermatologist, pay attention to when each product is used, then read the instructions for use before applying a certain product prescribed by your chosen dermatologist.Every medication your dermatologist prescribes has its expiration date and should be used before that date.*This text is intended solely for informational purposes. In case of any symptoms, it is recommended to seek advice from your doctor or qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the website:https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-white-plastic-bottle-pouring-white-liquid-on-white-ceramic-mug-TxBQ7yLj6JU*

About two-thirds of your body weight is water. All your cells need water to work. Water is also the base for all your different body fluids, including saliva, blood, urine, sweat, and joint fluid. No living thing can survive without water. How do you know if you’re drinking enough?Your body loses water when you sweat, go to the bathroom, and even when you just breathe out. So, you need to drink enough water to replace what you lose. When you don’t drink enough water, you can become dehydrated.Signs that you’re getting dehydrated include feeling very thirsty and having headaches. Your mouth or skin may feel very dry. And your urine may get darker because your body is trying to conserve water. Drinking fluids should be enough to relieve mild dehydration.If dehydration becomes severe, it can cause confusion, fainting, an inability to urinate, and rapid heartbeat and breathing. At this point, it can be life-threatening, and you should seek medical help fast. Drinking liquids may not be enough to replenish your body’s fluids. You may need to be given fluids intravenously—through a needle or tube inserted into a vein.Recent NIH-funded research suggests that avoiding dehydration may not be the only reason to make sure you drink enough fluids. Dr. Natalia Dmitrieva, a heart researcher at NIH, has studied the long-term effects of not drinking enough water. In one study, her team found that middle-aged people who were not adequately hydrated were more likely to develop chronic diseases. The diseases included heart failure, diabetes, chronic lung disease, and dementia.These people were also more likely to age faster and die younger. So, staying well hydrated might help you stay healthier as you get older.The best way to avoid dehydration is to make sure you drink enough fluids every day. Ideally, you should get your fluids from water or other low-calorie beverages, such as plain coffee or tea, or sparkling or flavored waters. Nutritional beverages, such as milk or milk alternatives, or 100% vegetable juice, are also good options. Relying on soda, sports drinks, or other sugary beverages for most of your fluids can add many calories to your diet, and they have little nutritional value.How much you should drink each day depends on many factors, including your age, where you live, and your body weight. And your body doesn’t always lose water at the same rate. For instance, when you exercise or are active in hot weather, you sweat more and so need to drink more. But experts generally recommend drinking around 9 cups of fluids a day for women and 13 cups for men on average.Certain diseases, like diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and some medicines can make you urinate more often. You also lose a lot of water when you throw up or have diarrhea or a fever. In these cases, you need to drink more water to avoid getting dehydrated.Dmitrieva has changed her own drinking habits based on the results of her research. “When I started to see the results of these studies and then started seeing how much I drink, I realized that I drank less than needed,” she says. “Then I just started to take one liter of water with me when I go to work. And I make sure that during the day I drink this one liter.”Article taken from: https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2023/05/hydrating-health Hydrating for health. (2024, June 20). NIH News in Health. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2023/05/hydrating-health*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from https://unsplash.com/photos/person-in-blue-denim-jacket-holding-stainless-steel-bottle-4Kd3svPFuEI*

What is creatine?Creatine is a substance that is naturally created in the human body, it is synthesized in the liver, kidneys and pancreas. In nature it can be found and consumed through meat and fish. Our body stores creatine in the form of phosphocreatine in our muscles and uses it for energy. The main role of creatine is to be used in our body as chemical energy (ATP – adenosine triphosphate) primarily for explosive movements.Consuming creatine helps the renewal of ATP energy, gives greater strength to the muscles and better endurance. Creatine which is ingested into the body is mainly stored in the muscles (98%), and the rest (2%) is stored in the brain, heart and other organs.Creatine as a supplement:Creatine is one of the most popular sports supplements in the world. It’s attractive because it can help grow muscle tissue and enhance athletic performance, specifically in intense exercise which requires explosive movement (jumping, lifting weights…).Research shows that creatine supplementation has the highest effect in those who consume it the least through meat or fish, like vegetarians or vegans. Creatine supplementation has the lowest effect in those who naturally synthesize large amounts of creatine in their bodies.Other positive aspects of creatine which are suggested by research include:Injury prevention: supplementation can prevent dehydration, muscle cramps and injury of muscle, ligaments or nerves.Cognitive benefits: creatine supplementation can help improve cognitive performance, especially in older adults.Bone health: creatine supplementation can help improve the deterioration of skeletal muscles and mineral density of bones related to aging.Skin health: research suggests that using ointments with creatine can help with skin aging, wrinkles and sun damaged skin.Is creatine safe?Even though creatine is one of the most researched supplements in the world, questions and fears about the safety of its use persist. Many myths have lasted over time about the side effects of creatine use.Does creatine lead to water retention?While evidence exists that creatine supplementation leads to water retention, mainly intracellularly, in the short term, other research suggests that this doesn’t have a significant impact on the complete levels of water in the body, in relation to muscle mass, over longer periods of time. So, creatine supplementation most probably doesn’t lead to significant water retention.Is creatine an anabolic steroid?Because of the physical and performance enhancing similarities they might seem alike, but creatine and steroids have completely different chemical properties and mechanisms of operating, as well as legal status. Creatine is not a steroid.Does creatine cause kidney damage?More than 20 years of research suggests that creatine supplementation in the recommended doses doesn’t cause negative effects to kidney health.Does creatine cause hair loss?Research doesn’t show a significant increase in testosterone or hair loss caused by creatine supplementation.Does creatine lead to dehydration and muscle cramps?This assumption is connected to the idea that creatine causes water retention. Experimental and clinical research doesn’t support the idea that creatine supplementation causes dehydration or muscle cramps.Is creatine safe for children and adolescents?There is a limited amount of research and data on this topic, but existing research suggests that creatine supplementation is safe and potentially beneficial for children and adolescents.Does creatine lead to fat gain?Research shows that creatine supplementation doesn’t lead to fat gain. An increase in lean muscle mass could cause such an illusion because of the gain of weight.As with every dietary supplement it’s important to use a product which follows adequate production protocol. It is necessary to consume the recommended amount in the recommended way. If you are pregnant, have diabetes, or problems with your kidneys or liver consult with a medical practitioner before starting creatine supplementation because of lack of research on the influence of creatine in these cases.Antonio, J., Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., Gualano, B., Jagim, A. R., Kreider, R. B., Rawson, E. S., Smith-Ryan, A. E., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Willoughby, D. S., & Ziegenfuss, T. N. (2021). Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00412-wCreatine. (2023, December 13). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-creatine/art-20347591Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Creatine. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/17674-creatine*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from https://unsplash.com/photos/a-bottle-of-creatine-next-to-a-spoon-on-a-table-e333ulMOZ_o*

Depression is a common and serious mood disorder, chemical changes and disbalance in the functioning of the brain can be a significant factor in the appearance of depression. Depression is most commonly treated with a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, but some forms of depression have proven resistant to these traditional techniques.For more information about depression read: https://helpmedix.com/sr/novost/227What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation?Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a type of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), is a noninvasive therapy method which uses repeating electromagnetic pulses to stimulate certain brain regions. It creates a changing magnetic field which influences the top layers of the cerebral cortex and the activity of neural cells. Because of intertwined neural connectivity of the entire brain the modulation, and changes in function, of one localized point influences the changes in other regions of the brain as well. Repeated therapy sessions in spans of days or weeks can bring about a long-term change in the functioning of certain regions of the brain.Research of the rTMS method show significant implications for the treatment of a multitude of disorders:Depressive disorderObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)Bipolar disorderTourette syndromeChronic painThe method was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating major depression disorder (MDD) in 2008. It is used mainly when other forms of therapy have failed. Most research about this method was done with depression treatment and has shown significantly positive results.The use of rTMS:This form of therapy in treating depression is usually used only if the use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy has failed. Before therapy starts, physical and laboratorial exam are common. Psychiatric evaluation is used to gain insight into the depressive symptoms and understanding of the previous therapy, it helps estimate if rTMS would be a good choice for the specific person. Questions about family and personal health history are to be expected. It is essential to ask about any implemented devices such as stents, pacemakers or cochlear hearing implants and alike.The therapy dosage is individualized for every patient depending on a multitude of factors. Therapy is usually prescribed once a day and is to be administered for several weeks. Therapy can last from 30 to 60 minutes but with technological development this time frame should be drastically lowered with time, length of therapy depends on both the specific machine and the specific patient.The procedure is safe, noninvasive and requires no anesthesia.The device is positioned above the adequate part of the head where it creates magnetic impulses stimulating nerve cells in the specific region of the brain. Even thought rTMS therapy is noninvasive, it can be mildly uncomfortable, especially in the beginning of therapy while the practitioner is trying to establish the necessary dosage. The magnetic pulses create a loud sound, because of which wearing earplugs is necessary, a light tapping sensation on the scalp is also common.After a session usual symptoms can be:Discomfort in the scalp areaFacial twitchesLightheadednessMild headachesThese symptoms should pass quickly after a session and lessen over time, with prolonged therapy. The practitioner can use a lower dosage of therapy to milden the symptoms or prescribe medication if needed. After a session the patient can comfortably continue with their daily activities.Even though patients show significantly positive results using rTMS therapy, this doesn’t mean it’s necessarily for everyone. It is important to track depression symptoms while taking the therapy and it’s expected of the patient to report any worsening or worrying symptoms.Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a modern method of which not everything is known yet. With time and further research, experts expect this method to become more accessible, productive and useful.Written by: Bachelor of Psychology, Aleksa Holcer Mann, S. K., & Malhi, N. K. (2023, March 6). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568715/Rizvi, S., & Khan, A. M. (2019). Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression. Curēus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4736Saini, R., Chail, A., Bhat, P., Srivastava, K., & Chauhan, V. (2018). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review of its evolution and current applications. Industrial Psychiatry Journal/Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(2), 172. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_88_18*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://pixabay.com/illustrations/synapse-brain-neurons-network-8152918/*

Nowadays, when more and more emphasis is placed on health, the use of contraception plays a key role in the health and preservation of the reproductive organs and the preservation of the rest of the organism of each individual.1. Variety of methodsThere are currently more than 10 methods of contraception, including contraceptive pills, condoms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal implants...2. Effectiveness of contraceptionThe effectiveness of contraception varies depending on which contraceptive you use. Oral contraception provides 99% protection if used correctly and regularly, while condom use provides 85% protection due to the greater possibility of human error.3. Correct useMost contraceptive methods require proper use to be effective.For example, putting on condoms correctly, taking birth control pills correctly and regularly...4. Protection against sexually transmitted infectionsMost mechanical contraceptives, such as condoms, provide protection against unwanted pregnancy but also play a major role in preventing the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.5. You have the right to chooseContraception allows couples and individuals to make informed decisions about family planning and protecting their health, which contributes to control over their own sexual life and reproductive health.There are various types of contraceptives on the market, but before using any contraceptive, consult your doctor or pharmacist.*This text is intended for informational purposes only. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended that you seek advice from your doctor or a qualified healthcare professional.**Image taken from the site: https://unsplash.com/photos/medication-pills-blister-pack-0SvxwtTqhsQ*